Effect of Preparation Parameters on the Catalytic Performance of Solid Acid Catalyst SO₄²⁻/ZrO₂‐CeO₂ in Biodiesel Production▴

Abstract

A new solid acid catalyst SO42−/ZrO2‐CeO2 (SZC) was prepared by co‐precipitation method and used in biodiesel production. Different from considering several parameters in available literatures, the effect of all 10 parameters in the preparation process on the catalytic activities of SZC were studied systematically and comprehensively. The catalytic performance was tested by the conversion of Jatropha oil fatty acids (CFA) in esterification. TG, XRD, BET, TEM, NH3‐TPD, FTIR were used to characterize the catalyst aiming to analyze the influence mechanisms of each factor. The results indicated that the surface area and acidity of sulfated zirconia increased by doping of Ce. The most important preparation parameters included loading amounts of CeO2, aging time, and calcination temperature, their proper values were 5%, 21 h, 773 K, respectively. Moreover, novel findings included: the ammonia concentration influences the acid strength of catalyst which was more important than the amount of acid sites for the catalytic activities and drying before calcination was a necessary step.

Role of Sulfation of Zirconia Catalysts in Vapor Phase Ketonization of Acetic Acid

“…Sulfated zirconia (SZ) is well established as a robust and efficient solid acid catalyst for a variety of reactions of high industrial importance, such as hydrocarbon isomerization, methanol conversion to hydrocarbons, alkylation, acylation, esterification, dehydration, and Fischer–Tropsch processes. 1 − 4 More recently, sulfated zirconia has also emerged as a promising catalyst for several biorefinery processes, such as esterification, biodiesel preparation, 5 − 10 furfural synthesis 11 − 16 and conversion, 17 − 20 condensation of ketones, 21 glycerol utilization, 22 − 24 and, conversion of CO 2 to light olefins. 25 Among the biorefinery processes, the upgrading of biomass derived volatile fatty acids (C 3 –C 6 ) to corresponding ketones (ketonization reactions) is a promising strategy for the synthesis of biofuels.…”

Supercritical microalgae conversion to biofuel and value‐added components (oxygenates, hydrocarbons, and aromatics): A catalyst characterization study

“…The findings indicated that the optimal conditions for this catalyst were as follows: a CeO 2 loading of 5%, an ammonia concentration of 14.8 M, a pH value of 8.6, an aging temperature of 293 K, an aging time of 24 h, an impregnation concentration of 0.5 M, an impregnation time of 1 h, a calcination temperature of 773 K, a calcination time of 3 h, and drying prior to calcination. 15 The calcination temperature effect on the catalytic performance of egg shells-derived CaO in biodiesel production has been investigated. The raw materials (chicken and duck eggs) have been calcined at 800, 900, and 1000 C for 1 h. Results showed that for both raw materials, the CaO obtained at 800 C had the best catalytic performance.…”

“…The calcination time and temperature (2–6 h and 573–973 K), the aging time and temperature (3–720 h and 268–308 K), the impregnation time and concentration (0.5–4 h and 0.2–2 mol L −1 ), loading amount of CeO 2 (0%–20%), ammonia concentration (0.2–4.8 mol L −1 ), pH value (7.6–9.6), and drying before calcination (yes or no) were the studied parameters. The findings indicated that the optimal conditions for this catalyst were as follows: a CeO 2 loading of 5%, an ammonia concentration of 14.8 M, a pH value of 8.6, an aging temperature of 293 K, an aging time of 24 h, an impregnation concentration of 0.5 M, an impregnation time of 1 h, a calcination temperature of 773 K, a calcination time of 3 h, and drying prior to calcination 15 . The calcination temperature effect on the catalytic performance of egg shells‐derived CaO in biodiesel production has been investigated.…”