Effect of Prenatal Zinc Supplementation on Birthweight

Saaka, Mahama; Oosthuizen, Jacques; Beatty, S.

doi:10.3329/jhpn.v27i5.3638

Cited by 28 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Additionally, a postnatal effect of lactation was also seen in serum Zn levels of pups when fostered by Zn-supplemented dams. Pregnant women in Zn supplementation trials received Zn supplements by 2.2-to 5.2-fold in excess of the EAR (27)(28)(29). In our study, pregnant rats also received about 2.1-fold more Zn in supplements than the EAR for rodents (26); thus, rat Zn intakes were within the range used in human studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Thus, Zn intake was in excess of the recommended rodent intake by ;2.2fold (8.25/3.67). The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) 8 for Zn during pregnancy in humans is ;9.5 mg/d and supplementation trials in pregnant women have used Zn levels of 20 (27) or 25 (28) to 50 mg/d (29). Therefore, a pregnant woman received ;210-420 mg Zn/wk from combined dietary (66.5 mg) and supplemental (140 -350 mg) sources.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Prenatal Zinc Supplementation of Zinc-Adequate Rats Adversely Affects Immunity in Offspring

Sharkar

Jou

Hossain

et al. 2011

The Journal of Nutrition

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We previously showed that zinc (Zn) supplementation of Zn-adequate dams induced immunosuppressive effects that persist in the offspring after weaning. We investigated whether the immunosuppressive effects were due to in utero exposure and/or mediated via milk using a cross-fostering design. Pregnant rats with adequate Zn nutriture were supplemented with either Zn (1.5 mg Zn in 10% sucrose) or placebo (10% sucrose) during pregnancy (3 times/wk). At postnatal d 3, 4 pups of Zn-supplemented dams (Zn-P) were exchanged with 4 of placebo-supplemented dams (P-Zn). The remaining pups continued with their biological mothers (Zn-Zn and P-P). Pups were orally immunized with dinitrophenol ovalbumin-BSA and/or cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), and serum Zn concentrations and cellular and humoral responses were assessed. Pups of Zn-supplemented dams had higher serum Zn when fostered either by placebo- or Zn-supplemented dams compared to pups of placebo-supplemented dams (P < 0.01). Postnatal Zn exposure reduced the number of Peyer's patches in both the Zn-Zn and P-Zn groups (P < 0.01). Prenatal Zn exposure suppressed CTB- (P = 0.05) and BSA-specific proliferation response of Peyer's Patch lymphocytes (P = 0.07). Prenatal Zn exposure effects on the splenocyte cytokine response were differently influenced by fostering mothers' Zn status. Antigen presenting cell (APC) activity of splenocytes was lower in the Zn-Zn group than in the P-P group (P < 0.08). In conclusion, prenatal Zn exposure increases serum Zn levels in pups and suppresses antigen-specific proliferation and antibody responses and APC function, whereas postnatal exposure may suppress the mucosal immune reservoir.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prenatal Zinc Supplementation of Zinc-Adequate Rats Adversely Affects Immunity in Offspring

Sharkar

Jou

Hossain

et al. 2011

The Journal of Nutrition

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“…Most studies assessed the action of zinc as an augmentative agent against a background of other micronutrient supplements, although five were placebo‐controlled trials of zinc alone 32–34,46,50,52,79 . Daily doses of elemental zinc ranged from 5 to more than 50 mg. Only six trials 30,31,35,49,52,73 described at what time of day participants were instructed to take the provided supplement, although all of these recommended within 2 h of a meal.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There was not a strong signal that the impact of zinc supplementation differed greatly by any of the three other subgroups considered: national income, whether a trial also reported an increase in maternal blood zinc status, or by the nature of the comparison group (placebo or multiple micronutrients) (Figures 10–12). There was a slight indication that above doses of 30 mg/day of supplemental zinc, there was an increase in birth weight (based on five studies 32,35,38,73,79 ) and head circumference at birth (based on a single study 79 ). However, this finding did not hold for any other outcome.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Chaffee

King

2012

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

100

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Poor maternal zinc status has been associated with foetal loss, congenital malformations, intrauterine growth retardation, reduced birth weight, prolonged labour and preterm or post-term deliveries. A meta-analysis completed in 2007 showed that maternal zinc supplementation resulted in a small but significant reduction in preterm birth. The purposes of this analysis are to update that previous review and expand the scope of assessment to include maternal, infant and child health outcomes. Electronic searches were carried out to identify peer-reviewed, randomised controlled trials where daily zinc supplementation was given for at least one trimester of pregnancy. The co-authors applied the study selection criteria, assessed trial quality and abstracted data. A total of 20 independent intervention trials involving more than 11 000 births were identified. The 20 trials took place across five continents between 1977 and 2008. Most studies assessed the zinc effect against a background of other micronutrient supplements, but five were placebo-controlled trials of zinc alone. The provided dose of supplemental zinc ranged from 5 to 50 mg/day. Only the risk of preterm birth reached statistical significance (summary relative risk 0.86 [95% confidence interval 0.75, 0.99]). There was no evidence that supplemental zinc affected any parameter of foetal growth (risk of low birth weight, birth weight, length at birth or head circumference at birth). Six of the 20 trials were graded as high quality. The evidence that maternal zinc supplementation lowers the risk of preterm birth was graded low; evidence for a positive effect on other foetal outcomes was graded as very low. The effect of zinc supplementation on preterm birth, if causal, might reflect a reduction in maternal infection, a primary cause of prematurity. While further study would be needed to explore this possibility in detail, the overall public health benefit of zinc supplementation in pregnancy appears limited.

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“…Interestingly, maternal prenatal stress could have negative effects on fetal ANS [46]. There is also evidence that prenatal supplementation with zinc has a positive effect on birth weight [47] and fetal HRV measures [48, 49]. Caulfield et al [50] found that the beneficial effects of prenatal zinc supplementation on the ANS balance persisted until early infancy, suggesting that the nutritional status of the mother is important to fetal ANS development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth Weight and Its Relationship with the Cardiac Autonomic Balance in Healthy Children

et al. 2017

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Several studies indicate that the fetal environment plays a significant role in the development of cardiometabolic disease later in life. However, a few studies present conflicting data about the correlation between birth weight and the impairment of cardiac autonomic modulation. The purpose of the present study was to provide further knowledge to elucidate this contradictory relationship. One hundred children aged 5 and 14 years had anthropometric parameters, body composition and blood pressure levels determined. Heart rate variability (HRV) was evaluated by heart rate monitoring, including measurements of both the time and frequency domains. The results showed inverse correlation between the HRV parameters with BMI (RMSSD: P = 0.047; PNN50: P = 0.021; HF: P = 0.041), systolic (RMSSD: P = 0.023; PNN50: P = 0.032) and diastolic (PNN50: P = 0.030) blood pressure levels. On the other hand, there were consistent positive correlations between the HRV parameters and birth weight (RMSSD: P = 0.001; PNN50: P = 0.001; HF: P = 0.002). To determine the effect of birth weight on HRV parameters, we perform multivariate linear regression analysis adjusted for potentially confounding factors (prematurity, gender, age, BMI, physical activity index and SBP levels). These findings were preserved even after adjusting for these confounders. Our results suggested that impaired cardiac autonomic modulation characterized by a reduction in the parasympathetic activity occurs in children with low birth weight. One possible interpretation for these data is that a vagal withdrawal, rather than a sympathetic overactivity, could precede the development of hypertension and other cardiometabolic diseases in children with low birth weight. However, long-term studies should be performed to investigate this possibility.

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Effect of Prenatal Zinc Supplementation on Birthweight

Cited by 28 publications

References 45 publications

Prenatal Zinc Supplementation of Zinc-Adequate Rats Adversely Affects Immunity in Offspring

Prenatal Zinc Supplementation of Zinc-Adequate Rats Adversely Affects Immunity in Offspring

Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Birth Weight and Its Relationship with the Cardiac Autonomic Balance in Healthy Children

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