Humans are exposed to aluminum from environmental sources and therapeutic treatments. However, aluminum is neurotoxic and is considered a possible etiologic factor in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. The molecular mechanism of aluminum neurotoxicity is not understood. We tested the effects of aluminum on the glutamate‐nitric oxide‐cyclic GMP pathway in cultured neurons. Neurons were exposed to 50 µM aluminum in culture medium for short‐term (4 h) or long‐term (8–14 days) periods, or rats were prenatally exposed, i.e., 3.7% aluminum sulfate in the drinking water, during gestation. Chronic (but not short‐term) exposure of neurons to aluminum decreased glutamate‐induced activation of nitric oxide synthase by 38% and the formation of cyclic GMP by 77%. The formation of cyclic GMP induced by the nitric oxide‐generating agent S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine was reduced by 33%. In neurons from rats prenatally exposed to aluminum but not exposed to it during culture, glutamate‐induced formation of cyclic GMP was inhibited by 81%, and activation of nitric oxide synthase was decreased by 85%. The formation of cyclic GMP induced by S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine was not affected. These results indicate that chronic exposure to aluminum impairs glutamate‐induced activation of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide‐induced activation of guanylate cyclase. Impairment of the glutamate‐nitric oxide‐cyclic GMP pathway in neurons may contribute to aluminum neurotoxicity.