Effect of pre-emergence herbicides and timing of soil saturation on the control of six major rice weeds and their phytotoxic effects on rice seedlings

Photosynthetic index and nitrogen assimilation in rapeseed seedlings transplanted in soil with ammonium glufosinate

“…Weeds are able to adapt to adverse climatic conditions and compete with crops for nutrients, water, and light, grow faster than crops, and reduce their yield (SUKSUNGWORN et al, 2016). Weed species are considered the main biological constraint in crop production, and thus, it is crucial to address their management (BALOCH et al, 2005;AWAN et al, 2016). Herbicide application is one of the most common measures for controlling weeds and avoiding yield loss during crop production, as it is cheaper and more efficient than other weed control practices (KHALIQ & MATLOOB, 2012;ÁY et al, 2012;AWAN et al, 2016).…”

“…Weed species are considered the main biological constraint in crop production, and thus, it is crucial to address their management (BALOCH et al, 2005;AWAN et al, 2016). Herbicide application is one of the most common measures for controlling weeds and avoiding yield loss during crop production, as it is cheaper and more efficient than other weed control practices (KHALIQ & MATLOOB, 2012;ÁY et al, 2012;AWAN et al, 2016). Due to its increased use in global crop production, the herbicide market grew by 39% from 2002 to 2011, especially in developing countries (GIANESSI, 2013;VÍTEK et al, 2017).…”

“…Due to its increased use in global crop production, the herbicide market grew by 39% from 2002 to 2011, especially in developing countries (GIANESSI, 2013;VÍTEK et al, 2017). Some studies have shown that weed control becomes more expensive and more difficult if herbicides are not applied at pre-emergence or early growth stages MAHAJAN & CHAUHAN, Cui et al 2013;AWAN et al, 2016). However, to improve weed control, farmers often apply an overdose of herbicides, resulting in a series of problems, including those caused by pre-emergent herbicides on seed germination and seedling growth (KEARNEY & KAUFMAN, 1975;KHALIQ & MATLOOB, 2012;MAHAJAN & CHAUHAN, 2013;SUKSUNGWORN et al, 2016;AWAN et al, 2016).…”

“…Some studies have shown that weed control becomes more expensive and more difficult if herbicides are not applied at pre-emergence or early growth stages MAHAJAN & CHAUHAN, Cui et al 2013;AWAN et al, 2016). However, to improve weed control, farmers often apply an overdose of herbicides, resulting in a series of problems, including those caused by pre-emergent herbicides on seed germination and seedling growth (KEARNEY & KAUFMAN, 1975;KHALIQ & MATLOOB, 2012;MAHAJAN & CHAUHAN, 2013;SUKSUNGWORN et al, 2016;AWAN et al, 2016). These herbicide treatments cause phytotoxicity, which inhibits vital processes in nontarget plants, such as cell division, mineral uptake, and the incorporation of amino acids into proteins, and ultimately influences the growth of seedlings (KEARNEY & KAUFMAN, 1975;KHALIQ & MATLOOB, 2012;AWAN et al, 2016).…”

Response of Soil Applied Herbicides at Different Application Timings on The Weed Control Efficacy and Phytotoxicity to Rice In Dry-seeded Condition

“…However, the pre-emergence herbicide is essential to manage weeds effectively in DSR (Khaliq et al, 2011;Singh et al, 2007). The weed control efficiency of preemergence herbicide and their phytotoxicity depend on several factors such as soil moisture, soil tilth, environmental conditions, weed species, and herbicide doses Awan et al, 2016). Dhareesank et al (2006) and Levene and Owen (1995) noticed that soil moisture is important during the time of herbicide (s) application, which influences both weed control efficacy and crop phytotoxicity by influencing the herbicide absorption, translocation, or metabolism.…”