Effect of Positional Distribution on the Absorption of the Fatty Acids of Human Milk and Infant Formulas

Tomarelli, R. M.; Meyer, Barbara J.; Weaber, J. R.; Bernhart, F. W.

doi:10.1093/jn/95.4.583

Cited by 240 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Similar results had been obtained in preterm infants (Carnielli et al, 1995) and rats (Aoyama et al, 1996;de Fown et al, 1994;Lien et al, 1993;Renaud et al, 1995;Tomarelli et al, 1968).…”

Section: Fatty Acid Composition Of Infant Formulassupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Palmitic acid was also absorbed more with formulas rich in palmitic acid esterified at the sn-2 position of the triglycerides than with formulas containing palmitic acid largely esterified to the sn-1, 3 positions. These results were obtained in studies carried out on term infants (Carnielli et al, 1996;Filler et al, 1969), preterm infants (Carnielli et al, 1995) and rats (Aoyama et al, 1996;de Fown et al, 1994;Lien et al, 1993;Renaud et al, 1995;Tomarelli et al, 1968). Moreover, the location of palmitic acid in the sn-2 position in infant formulas improves the absorption of calcium in the small intestine (Lucas et al, 1997;Carnielli et al, 1996;Nelson et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Fatty acids are not randomly distributed among the three stereo-specific numbering (sn) positions, but are found selectively placed so as to provide the ideal mixture of fatty acids and monoacylglycerides for the neonate (Small, 1991;Jensen, 1989). In human milk, palmitic acid is esterified over 60% in the sn-2 position of the triglycerides ( Jensen, 1995;Dotson et al, 1992;Tomarelli et al, 1968).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies comparing palmitic acid absorption in human milk and formulas concluded that absorption of palmitic acid was higher in human milk (Chappel et al, 1986;Hanna et al, 1970;Tomarelli et al, 1968). Palmitic acid was also absorbed more with formulas rich in palmitic acid esterified at the sn-2 position of the triglycerides than with formulas containing palmitic acid largely esterified to the sn-1, 3 positions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas

et al. 2002

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Objective: To investigate differences in fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in colostrum, transitional and mature human milk, and in term infant formulas. Setting: Departament de Nutrició i Bromatologia, University of Barcelona, Spain and University Hospital of Granada, Spain. Subjects: One-hundred and twenty mothers and 11 available types of infant formulas for term infants. Design: We analysed the fatty acid composition of colostrum (n ¼ 40), transitional milk (n ¼ 40), mature milk (n ¼ 40) and 11 infant formulas. We also analysed the fatty acid composition at sn-2 position in colostrum (n ¼ 12), transitional milk (n ¼ 12), mature milk (n ¼ 12), and the 11 infant formulas. Results: Human milk in Spain had low saturated fatty acids, high monounsaturated fatty acids and high linolenic acid. Infant formulas and mature human milk had similar fatty acid composition. In mature milk, palmitic acid was preferentially esterified at the sn-2 position (86.25%), and oleic and linoleic acids were predominantly esterified at the sn-1,3 positions (12.22 and 22.27%, respectively, in the sn-2 position). In infant formulas, palmitic acid was preferentially esterified at the sn-1,3 positions and oleic and linoleic acids had higher percentages at the sn-2 position than they do in human milk. Conclusion: Fatty acid composition of human milk in Spain seems to reflect the Mediterranean dietary habits of mothers. Infant formulas resemble the fatty acid profile of human milk, but the distribution of fatty acids at the sn-2 position is markedly different.

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“…Similar results had been obtained in preterm infants (Carnielli et al, 1995) and rats (Aoyama et al, 1996;de Fown et al, 1994;Lien et al, 1993;Renaud et al, 1995;Tomarelli et al, 1968).…”

Section: Fatty Acid Composition Of Infant Formulassupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas

et al. 2002

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“…Furthermore, long-chain SFA present in the intestine as NEFA (hydrolysed from the sn-1 and sn-3 position of TAG) have high individual melting points (stearic acid, 698C; palmitic acid, 648C) and tend to form insoluble soaps with Ca and Mg in the gut (17) . It is therefore plausible that longchain SFA are better absorbed if situated in the sn-2 position than if in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, as shown in rat studies (18,19) and human infants (20,21) . MAG provide the basic structure for the resynthesis of chylomicron-TAG in the enterocyte; therefore upon absorption the fatty acids in position sn-2 of the dietary TAG are retained (22,23) and may influence subsequent metabolism of chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants (15,24) , which are formed following chylomicron-TAG hydrolysis.…”

Section: Overview Of Influence Of Tag Structure On Dietary Fat Metabomentioning

confidence: 99%

Triacylglycerol structure and interesterification of palmitic and stearic acid-rich fats: an overview and implications for cardiovascular disease

2009

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The position of fatty acids in the TAG molecule (sn-1, sn-2 and sn-3) determines the physical properties of the fat, which affects its absorption, metabolism and distribution into tissues, which may have implications for the risk of CHD. The TAG structure of fats can be manipulated by the process of interesterification, which is of increasing commercial importance, as it can be used to change the physical characteristics of a fat without the generation of trans-fatty acids. Interesterified fats rich in long-chain SFA are commercially important, but few studies have investigated their health effects. Evidence from animal and human infant studies suggests that TAG structure and interesterification affect digestibility, atherogenicity and fasting lipid levels, with fats containing palmitic and stearic acid in the sn-2 position being better digested and considered to be more atherogenic. However, chronic studies in human adults suggest that TAG structure has no effect on digestibility or fasting lipids. The postprandial effects of fats with differing TAG structure are better characterised but the evidence is inconclusive; it is probable that differences in the physical characteristics of fats resulting from interesterification and changes in TAG structure are key determinants of the level of postprandial lipaemia, rather than the position of fatty acids in the TAG. The present review gives an overview of TAG structure and interesterified palmitic and stearic acid-rich fats, their physical properties and their acute and chronic effects in human adults in relation to CHD.

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Structured Lipids and Health

Akoh

Pande

2020

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products

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Lipids play a pivotal role in human health, growth, and development. The application challenges presented by lipids in their natural form are overcome by production of customized lipids, called structured lipids (SLs). The changes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species alter their physicochemical as well as nutritional properties. Advances have been made in the area of SL synthesis and applications. Novel SLs enriched with different fatty acids (FAs) have been synthesized for a wide range of medicinal and nutritional applications. The amount of fat and its concentration, type, and stereospecificity of FAs is critical for its metabolism and bioavailability. The correlations of dietary lipids with different diseases and their importance in maintaining homeostasis and overall health are becoming increasingly clear with emerging studies. SLs are beneficial in chronic health conditions, enteral and parental nutrition, infant formulas, sports nutrition, and low calorie fats. This review focusses on the effects of SLs on various health aspects.

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Effect of Positional Distribution on the Absorption of the Fatty Acids of Human Milk and Infant Formulas

Cited by 240 publications

References 18 publications

Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas

Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas

Triacylglycerol structure and interesterification of palmitic and stearic acid-rich fats: an overview and implications for cardiovascular disease

Structured Lipids and Health

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