Effect of population density and feeding rate on the fathead minnow (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>)

Smith, Helen; Schreck, Carl B.; Maughan, O. Eugene

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1978.tb04188.x

Cited by 34 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…This was due to the influence of stocking density in the treatments. In this regard, Smith, Schreck and Maughan (1978) stressed the importance of taking fish density into account when ranking families or progeny groups for growth performance where fish density is an important factor affecting growth and maturation of wild and laboratory fish, besides food supply and its quality, genetics and environmental conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Nile tilapia [Oreochromis niloticus(L., 1758)] in a cage culture system in Lake Kuriftu, Ethiopia

Gibtan

Getahun

Mengistou

2008

Aquaculture Research

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This research was conducted to investigate the e¡ect of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Oreochromis niloticus in cage culture in Lake Kuriftu. The treatments had stocking densities of 50 (50F), 100 (100F), 150 (150F), and 200 (200F) ¢sh per m À 3 . All treatments were in duplicate. Juveniles with an average weight of 45. 76 AE 0.25 g were stocked in the treatments. The ¢sh were fed a composite mixture of mill sweeping, cotton seed, and Bora food complex at 2% of their body weight twice per day using feeding trays for 150 days in powdered form. The growth performance of O. niloticus was density dependent. The ¢nal mean weight of O. niloticus ranged 147.76 AE 0.28^219.71 AE 1.42 g and the mean daily weight gain was 0.69 AE 0.01^1.15 AE 0.02 g day À 1 . Fish held in cages with lower density were heavier than the ones held at higher densities, and showed higher weight gain and daily weight gain. The most e¡ective stocking density, in terms of growth parameters, was 50 ¢sh m À 3 . The gross yield (4.52 0.55 kg cage À 1 ) showed a signi¢cant di¡erence with increasing stocking density (Po0.05). Moreover, the apparent food conversion ratio (2.48^7.22) was signi¢cantly a¡ected by stocking density (Po0.05). However, survival rate was not a¡ected by stocking density (P40.05). It can be concluded that the most e¡ective stocking densities were at 50 ¢shm À 3 cage for larger size ¢sh demand in a short period and 200 ¢sh m À 3 for higher gross production with supplementary feed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Nile tilapia [Oreochromis niloticus(L., 1758)] in a cage culture system in Lake Kuriftu, Ethiopia

Gibtan

Getahun

Mengistou

2008

Aquaculture Research

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“…Examples of such species include salmon (Salmo salar) (Adams et al, 2007;Turnbull et al, 1998Turnbull et al, , 2005, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Ellis et al, 2002), Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) (Brown et al, 1992;Jørgensen et al, 1993) or model species such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) (Gronquist and Berges, 2013;Pavlidis et al, 2013;Spence and Smith, 2005), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) (Ankley and Villeneuve, 2006;Smith et al, 1978), and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) (Davis et al, 2002;USEPA, 1991). When working experimentally with non-model and/or endangered fish species, data on optimal stocking densities may be limited, and thus important to determine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Physiological stress biomarkers reveal stocking density effects in late larval Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus)

Hasenbein

Fangue²,

Geist

et al. 2016

Aquaculture

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Suboptimal fish stocking densities in experimental systems may elicit stress responses that can affect experimental results. Fish species, age and size, water chemistry and flow, and physical characteristics of the experimental system (e.g., tank, cage) are among the parameters to be considered when determining stocking densities. However, systematic studies to define fish densities minimizing stress in experimental systems are rarely performed. This is particularly true when working with species of low aquaculture value or a non-model test species such as the Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus). The aim of this study was to use physiological stress biomarkers to determine suitable fish densities for specific experimental vessels routinely used for this species. We maintained late larval Delta Smelt (60 days post-hatch; dph) over a period of 24 h, at five different densities: 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 fish per 8 L circular fish tank. We assessed whole body cortisol and transcriptomic biomarkers that lead to cortisol production to quantify stress levels. Both marker types delivered similar results. Cortisol levels were lowest at densities of 28 and 42 fish per tank, whereas lowest fish densities (7 and 14 fish per tank) evoked the highest stress levels. Genes such as Mineralocorticoid Receptor 1 and Glucocorticoid Receptor 2, as well as 11-Beta-Hydroxysteroid-Dehydrogenase-2 depicted the lowest expression levels at stocking densities 28 and 42, and elevated expression levels for stocking densities 7 and 14. Our data support the observations that late larval Delta Smelt should be exposed, acclimated, and cultured in groups rather than as individuals or in low numbers. This study indicates the importance of adequately defining experimental conditions that minimize stress, specifically when stress is measured as an endpoint. In addition to classical cortisol measurements, responses of the transcriptome also appear suitable in assessing stress responses in fish, and in determining optimal holding conditions, particularly if short-term responses are the study focus. Statement of relevance The study highlights the importance of evaluating stress in order to determine species-specific stocking densities. The results are thus relevant to a wide audience in the field of aquaculture and experimental biology.

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“…However, this may be because of unexplained lower survival in the controls and the lowest β‐sitosterol exposures (55–65%) relative to the higher exposure concentrations (73–85%). At higher densities, fish weights tend to be lower even when fish are fed ad libitum . Weight of larvae hatched from β‐sitosterol–exposed eggs and parent fish at 28 d posthatch was lower than in those hatched from unexposed eggs and parent fish, which is likely a result of the age of the breeding stock used to initiate the test compared with the age of the F 1 parents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Fathead minnow response to broad‐range exposure of β‐sitosterol concentrations during life‐cycle testing

Flinders

Streblow

Philbeck

et al. 2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The β-sitosterol concentration in pulp and paper mill effluents is typically greater than that of other phytosterols and has been shown to cause a variety of effects in fish. The authors exposed fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to low (22 ± 0.93 µg/L), medium-low (70 ± 2.1 µg/L), medium-high (237 ± 5.5 µg/L), and high (745 ± 16.2 µg/L) concentrations of β-sitosterol as well as negative (water), positive (ethynyl estradiol, 16 ± 0.58 ng/L), and carrier (0.6 mL/L acetone) controls. Fish were monitored over a full life cycle for population-level endpoints including growth and survival, reproductive endpoints (e.g. fecundity, sex steroids and vitellogenin, gonado-/hepatosomatic indices, and gonad histology). No significant differences were seen in fish growth, mortality, or reproduction with β-sitosterol exposure, although a trend for lower egg production in β-sitosterol exposures relative to the water control may be related to the acetone carrier. All ethynyl estradiol-exposed fish were smaller, showed female characteristics, and did not spawn. Sex steroid and vitellogenin were highly variable with no detectable treatment-related differences. Gonadal tissue showed no β-sitosterol-related differences in reproductive development and spawning capability, although most ethynyl estradiol-exposed males had ovarian tissue and were not spawning-capable. The results indicate that β-sitosterol exposure had little apparent impact on fathead minnow survival, growth, and reproduction even at concentrations >10 times that of typical effluents, although small sample size and variability precluded fully evaluating treatment responses on sex steroids and vitellogenin.

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Effect of population density and feeding rate on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

Cited by 34 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Nile tilapia [Oreochromis niloticus(L., 1758)] in a cage culture system in Lake Kuriftu, Ethiopia

Effect of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Nile tilapia [Oreochromis niloticus(L., 1758)] in a cage culture system in Lake Kuriftu, Ethiopia

Physiological stress biomarkers reveal stocking density effects in late larval Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus)

Fathead minnow response to broad‐range exposure of β‐sitosterol concentrations during life‐cycle testing

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