Effect of polyoxin D on chitin synthesis in Coprinus cinereus

Gooday, Graham W.; Rousset-Hall, Anne De; Hunsley, D.

doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(76)80124-6

Cited by 38 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This is consistent with the observation of autolysis in the upper stipe tissue; furthermore, it seems likely that the mechanism for cell wall growth in A . bisporus is similar to that in C. cinereus (Gooday et al, 1976). Cycloheximide-treated sporophores showed chitin levels similar to those in sporophores analysed while fresh.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Colony growth was completely inhibited at I and was approximately 50% inhibited at 0.1 p~ but was not visibly affected at 0.01: p~. The lowest concentration examined that gave complete inhibition (Gooday et al, 1976).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The development of sporophores of the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus has been shown to require chitin synthase activity (Gooday, I972 ;Gooday, de Rousset-Hall & Hunsley, 1976). These authors found that sporophore development of C. cinereus was inhibited by concentrations of polyoxin D similar to those which inhibited the activity of chitin synthase preparations in vitro.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inhibition of Growth and Development of Agaricus bisporus by Polyoxin D

Wood¹,

Hammond²

1977

Journal of General Microbiology

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I N T R O D U C T I O NThe antibiotic polyoxin D specifically inhibits chitin synthase in fungi (Corbett, 1974). The development of sporophores of the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus has been shown to require chitin synthase activity (Gooday, I972 ; Gooday, de Rousset-Hall & Hunsley, 1976). These authors found that sporophore development of C. cinereus was inhibited by concentrations of polyoxin D similar to those which inhibited the activity of chitin synthase preparations in vitro.The edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach contains chitin in its cell walls (Kreger, 1954;Michalenko, Hohl & Rast, 1976). To determine if chitin synthase activity is involved in mycelial growth and fruit body expansion of A. bisporus, we have examined the effect of polyoxin D on these processes. We have also examined the effect of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor. METHODS Organism. Agaricus bisporus strains ~6 2 1and ~6 4 9 were used. These are of direct commercial origin.Assessment of inhibition of colony growth. Cultures of A . bisportts strain ~6 2 1 were inoculated on to malt agar plates (Wood, 1976). Polyoxin D was incorporated into the plates before inoculation by spreading 0-2 ml of sterile filtered solutions of polyoxin D on to the surface of the medium. Concentrations are expressed as those present in the agar. After inoculation the plates were incubated at 25 "C and colony diameters were measured at intervals. Ten replicate plates were measured for each treatment.Treatment of growing and excised sporophores. Growing sporophores were treated by injecting sterile solutions of polyoxin D into the stipe base. Approximately 40 pl containing 200 pg polyoxin D was introduced into the sporophore. Alternatively, sporophores were harvested at about stage 2 of development (Hammond & Nichols, 1976) by cutting across the stipe approximately I cm below the velum. Measurements were made of the stipe length and cap diameter, using calipers. The sporophores were then placed with the cut stipe ends dipping into small beakers containing 2 ml of solutions of polyoxin D at 2,20 or roo pg ml-1, cycloheximide at roo pg ml-l or distilled water. The sporophores and beakers were kept in chambers at 90% relative humidity for 2 days. During this period all of the solution was imbibed. The sporophores were then removed and the cap and stipe were measured again.Chitin content. The treated sporophores were separated into cap, lower stipe and upper stipe tissues. Samples of these were homogenized in distilled water. Duplicate samples of the homogenate were removed and dried to constant weight. Other samples of the homogenate were treated with 10% (w/v) NaOH at roo "C for 30 min and centrifuged at 6000 g for 10 min. The pellets were treated with 2% (vlv) HC1 at 20 "C for I h, centrifuged and then 40-3

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inhibition of Growth and Development of Agaricus bisporus by Polyoxin D

Wood¹,

Hammond²

1977

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…Common features of most chitin synthases are that enzyme activity is dependent on the presence of divalent cations such as Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ and that it is increased by mild proteolysis, suggesting the existence of a zymogenic form (Duran et al, 1975;Mayer et al, 1980;Hardy and Gooday, 1983;Kramer and Koga, 1986;Merz et al, 1999a). Usually, chitin synthase activity can be inhibited by structural UDP-GlcNAc analogues such as polyoxins and nikkomycin (Gooday, 1972;Dahn et al, 1976). Enzyme activity seems to be restricted exclusively to membrane-containing fractions (Ruiz-Herrera and Martinez-Espinoza, 1999).…”

Section: Chitin Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin metabolism in insects: structure, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases

Merzendorfer

Zimoch

2003

Journal of Experimental Biology

1,037

845

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SUMMARY Chitin is one of the most important biopolymers in nature. It is mainly produced by fungi, arthropods and nematodes. In insects, it functions as scaffold material, supporting the cuticles of the epidermis and trachea as well as the peritrophic matrices lining the gut epithelium. Insect growth and morphogenesis are strictly dependent on the capability to remodel chitin-containing structures. For this purpose, insects repeatedly produce chitin synthases and chitinolytic enzymes in different tissues. Coordination of chitin synthesis and its degradation requires strict control of the participating enzymes during development. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in understanding chitin synthesis and its degradation in insects.

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“…These substances are unusual in that other previously described aminoacyl nucleoside antibiotics act by an inhibition of protein synthesis (reviewed in reference 87). Overall, the polyoxins and nikkomycins have rather similar in vitro potency profiles against isolated chitin synthetases from a variety of fungal sources, with reported Ki values of 0.6 ,uM for polyoxin A, 0.5 ,uM for nikkomycin X, 2 to 3.5 ,uM for nikkomycin Z (97, 172), 0.6 to 3.0 ,uM for polyoxin D (14,92), and 32 ,uM for polyoxin B (97). Given that all of these data were generated before the existence of multiple forms of chitin synthetase was discovered, it can only be assumed that the values represent an average from these different enzymes.…”

Section: Compounds Active Against Fungal Cell Walls Inhibitors Of Chimentioning

confidence: 93%

Compounds active against cell walls of medically important fungi

Hector

1993

Clin Microbiol Rev

215

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A number of substances that directly or indirectly affect the cell walls of fungi have been identified. Those that actively interfere with the synthesis or degradation of polysaccharide components share the property of being produced by soil microbes as secondary metabolites. Compounds specifically interfering with chitin or beta-glucan synthesis have proven effective in studies of preclinical models of mycoses, though they appear to have a restricted spectrum of coverage. Semisynthetic derivatives of some of the natural products have offered improvements in activity, toxicology, or pharmacokinetic behavior. Compounds which act on the cell wall indirectly or by a secondary mechanism of action, such as the azoles, act against diverse fungi but are usually fungistatic in nature. Overall, these compounds are attractive candidates for further development.

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Effect of polyoxin D on chitin synthesis in Coprinus cinereus

Cited by 38 publications

References 16 publications

Inhibition of Growth and Development of Agaricus bisporus by Polyoxin D

Inhibition of Growth and Development of Agaricus bisporus by Polyoxin D

Chitin metabolism in insects: structure, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases

Compounds active against cell walls of medically important fungi

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