Effect of polar and non-polar carotenoids on Xanthophylomyces dendrorhous membranes by EPR

Abstract

The red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is one of the microbiological production systems for natural carotenoids. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) experiments were performed on X. dendrorhous membranes in order to study the effect of incorporation rates of different type of carotenoids. In the case of fluid-phase membranes, it was found that polar carotenoids, such as astaxanthin and cis-astaxanthin, increased the EPR order parameter and decreased the motional freedom and phase-transition temperature. In contrast the non-polar carotenoids beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene decreased the EPR order parameter and increased motional freedom and phase-transition temperature. A noteworthy coherence was observed between the polarities of the strains and the phase-transition temperatures.

Optimization of microbial cell factories for astaxanthin production: Biosynthesis and regulations, engineering strategies and fermentation optimization strategies

“…Contrarily, X. dendrorhous produces astaxanthin in its free form. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy experiment on X. dendrorhous membranes proved the incorporation of astaxanthin in plasma membrane [ 102 ]. In another study, laser confocal fluoresce microscopy analysis (LCFM) for the yeast X. dendrorhous , suggested the accumulation of the carotenoids in LBs [ 103 , 104 ].…”

“…Carotenoids are embedded in membranes in different orientations dependent on their polarity ( Fig. 2 ), where the apolar carotenoids are perpendicular to the membrane lipid chains and the polar carotenoids are in a parallel orientation [ 102 ]. Therefore, the effect of the polar carotenoid on the membranes fluidity is stronger.…”

Rapeseed meal hydrolysate as substrate for microbial astaxanthin production

“…The difference in the extraction yield obtained with the different solvents could be attributes to the differences in their polarity which were: Ethanol (4.3) < methanol (5.1) < acetone (5.4) < DMSO (7.2) < water (9.00) [48]. As astaxanthin contains both polar (at the end of the molecule) and nonpolar moieties (in the middle of the molecule) in its chemical structure [49], the use of slightly polar solvent helps to extract astaxanthin from the cell wall membrane of the yeast that might be attached by the non-covalent binding to specific protein [50].…”

Effect of Dietary Astaxanthin on Free Radical Scavenging Capacity and Nitrite Stress Tolerance of Postlarvae Shrimp, Pleoticus muelleri

“…Polarity of carotenoids regulates membrane fluidity by generating a hydrophobic barrier in the membrane to polar molecules and ions. 3 In crustacean penaeoids, astaxanthin is the least reducing carotenoid and the predominant pigment, representing 86− 98% of total carotenoids. 4 Penaeoid shrimp cannot synthesize carotenes de novo, and consequently, these must be obtained through diet.…”

“…They are located in the hydrophobic core of the bilayer of the plasma membrane and other cellular membrane components, such as the microsome and vacuole. Polarity of carotenoids regulates membrane fluidity by generating a hydrophobic barrier in the membrane to polar molecules and ions …”