Effect of PI‐HAART on the prevalence of oral lesions in HIV‐1 infected patients. A Greek study

Nicolatou‐Galitis, Ourania; Velegraki, Aristea; Paikos, Spyros; Economopoulou, Panagiota; Stefaniotis, T; Papanikolaou, I. S.; Kordossis, T.

doi:10.1046/j.1601-0825.2003.00994.x

Cited by 78 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Antiretroviral therapy including inhibitors protease (PIs) can exert a direct effect on Candida virulence by inhibiting the fungal secretory aspartyl proteinases (SAPs) 21 . In this study we did not find significant correlation between the status of Candida carrier and the antiretroviral therapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other mechanisms seem to play a fundamental role for the declining rates of OPC 9,22 . It has been suggested that low CD4 + lymphocytes count and high plasma HIV RNA levels significantly correlate with oral Candida carriage, thereby increasing the risk of developing symptomatic infections 21 . There are controversies about association of CD4 + cell count and viral load with asymptomatic oral yeast carriage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asymptomatic oral carriage of Candida species in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era

Costa

Cohen

Fernandes

et al. 2006

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYOropharyngeal candidiasis is the most common opportunistic fungal infection in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. CD4+ lymphocytes count and the quantification of viral RNA in blood plasma have been found to be the main markers of HIV disease progression. The present study was conducted to evaluate Candida sp. diversity in the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients and to determine whether there was association of CD4 + cell count and viral load with asymptomatic oral Candida carriage. Out of 99 HIV-positive patients studied, 62 (62.6%) had positive culture for Candida (oral carriage) and 37 patients (37.4%) had Candida negative culture (no oral carriage). The etiologic agents most common were C. albicans and C. tropicalis. The range of CD4 + was 6-2305 cells/mm 3 in colonized patients and 3-839 cells/mm 3 for non-colonized patients, while the viral load was 60-90016 copies/mL for colonized patients and 75-110488 copies/mL for non colonized patients. The viral load was undetectable in 15 colonized patients and in 12 non colonized patients. Our results showed that there was no significant difference of the variables CD4 + cell count and viral load between oral candida carriage and no oral candida carriage patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymptomatic oral carriage of Candida species in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era

Costa

Cohen

Fernandes

et al. 2006

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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“…It has also been suggested that impairment of systemic defense mechanisms by reduction of CD4 ϩ T cells below protective levels and impairment of local immunity by reduction of levels of salivary IgA, defensins, or epithelial cell-mediated cytokines in the saliva might lead to the conversion of commensal Candida to microorganisms with increased pathogenicity, causing an imbalance in the host oral microbial composition and hence increased risk for opportunistic infections (20,21). Dramatic reductions in oral candidiasis after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have been observed consistently (22)(23)(24)(25); however, the mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions relative to HIV infection and subsequent HAART, all in the context of oral microbial composition, are not well understood. Currently, a wide range of molecular techniques are available to help identify and characterize microorganisms, including sequencing of 16S rRNA genes using DNA hybridization with custom-designed oligonucleotide probes, fingerprinting of the microbial flora with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and other PCR-based techniques.…”

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confidence: 99%

HIV Infection and Microbial Diversity in Saliva

et al. 2014

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f Limited information is available about the effects of HIV and subsequent antiretroviral treatment on host-microbe interactions. This study aimed to determine the salivary microbial composition for 10 HIV-seropositive subjects, before and 6 months after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), compared with that for 10 HIV-seronegative subjects. A conventional culture and two culture-independent analyses were used and consistently demonstrated differences in microbial composition among the three sets of samples. HIV-positive subjects had higher levels of total cultivable microbes, including oral streptococci, lactobacilli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida, in saliva than did HIV-negative subjects. The total cultivable microbial levels were significantly correlated with CD4 ؉ T cell counts. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), which compared the overall microbial profiles, showed distinct fingerprinting profiles for each group. The human oral microbe identification microarray (HOMIM) assay, which compared the 16S rRNA genes, showed clear separation among the three sample groups. Veillonella, Synergistetes, and Streptococcus were present in all 30 saliva samples. Only minor changes or no changes in the prevalence of Neisseria, Haemophilus, Gemella, Leptotrichia, Solobacterium, Parvimonas, and Rothia were observed. Seven genera, Capnocytophaga, Slackia, Porphyromonas, Kingella, Peptostreptococcaceae, Lactobacillus, and Atopobium, were detected only in HIVnegative samples. The prevalences of Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, Selenomonas, Actinomyces, Granulicatella, and Atopobium were increased after HAART. In contrast, the prevalence of Aggregatibacter was significantly decreased after HAART. The findings of this study suggest that HIV infection and HAART can have significant effects on salivary microbial colonization and composition.

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“…However, an increase in salivary gland disease, xerostomia and oral warts was observed. Taken together, the occurrence rate of Oral mucosal lesions in the post HAART era indicates that Oral mucosal lesions are less frequent, but new and poorly understood paradigms are emerging 34 . The authors emphasize a need for further longitudinal studies with frequent oral examinati ons of children to establish a relati on between HIV and oral health status of HIV positi ve children, parti cularly in relati on to the progression of the disease as esti mated by the depleti on of CD 4 counts in blood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Oral Health Status as an Indicator of Disease Progression in HIV Positive Children

Damle¹,

Jetpurwala²,

Saini³

et al. 2010

Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin Integr

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RESUMO ABSTRACT DESCRITORESHIV; Contagem de linfócito CD4; Síndrome de Imunodefi ciência Adquirida; Saúde bucal. KEYWORDSHIV; CD4 Lymphocyte count; Acquired Immunodefi ciency Syndrome; Oral health. ISSN -1519-0501 DOI: 10.4034/1519.0501.2010 Objecti ve: To evaluate the oral health status i.e., gingival conditi on, dental caries, oral mucosal lesions progression in a group of HIV positi ve children in relati on to CD4 count. Method: A total of 234 HIV positi ve children in the age group of 2-15 years were included in the present study. Dental caries status was evaluated as per the criteria devised by WHO. Gingival conditi on index was used to assess and criteria given by Muhlemann was used for Papillary Bleeding scores. Plaque was assessed using the Sillness and Loe Index. The children were under acti ve anti retroviral therapy the CD4 count of each pati ent was available from the hospital records. Results: Maximum dmft /defs, score was observed in individuals with CD4 count 200 -500. Whereas highest mean DMFT/DMFS score was seen in children with CD4 count less than 200. The mean plaque, gingival and papillary bleeding score were highest in individuals with CD4 count less than 200 but the diff erence was stati sti cally insignifi cant. Pseudomembranous candidiasis was the most observed oral lesion. Tongue was the most common site of occurrence of oral lesions in all groups. Conclusion:The study confi rms that the oral health status in HIV positi ve children deteriorates with the decline in CD4 count.

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Effect of PI‐HAART on the prevalence of oral lesions in HIV‐1 infected patients. A Greek study

Abstract: Oral lesions were significantly reduced in patients on PI-HAART. A direct anticandidal effect of PI was suggestive and seemed to have accounted, beyond the HAART-related immune reconstitution, for the reduction of candidiasis and all other oral lesions.

Cited by 78 publications

References 21 publications

Asymptomatic oral carriage of Candida species in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era

Asymptomatic oral carriage of Candida species in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era

HIV Infection and Microbial Diversity in Saliva

Evaluation of Oral Health Status as an Indicator of Disease Progression in HIV Positive Children

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