“…, solution chemistry, natural organic matter, initial concentration, organic acids, surfactants, grain size, flow rate, and saturated media, as well as the presence of bacteria, contaminants, and natural colloids) can impact the mobility properties of GO nanoparticles in porous media. 3,9,11–33 The findings from these studies demonstrated that GO exhibits satisfactory mobility over a wide range of environmental conditions. Furthermore, secondary minerals such as carbonate minerals and oxides of iron and aluminum are frequently present as coatings on the surfaces of the primary minerals (silicates and aluminosilicates) in soil and aquifer sediments.…”