Effect of Phaleria Macrocarpa Supplementation on Apoptosis and Tumor Growth of C3H Mice With Breast Cancer Under Treatment With Adriamycin–Cyclophosphamide

Abstract

The objective of this study was to know the response of supplementation of Phaleria macrocarpa (PM) to adriamycin-cyclophosphamide (AC) in the treatment of C3H mice with breast cancer. Twenty-four C3H mice, who were successfully inoculated with breast cancer cells, were randomly allocated into 4 groups: without treatment, treated with AC, treated with AC + PM 0.07 mg/d, and treated with AC + PM 0.14 mg/d. The tumor size was measured using millimeter calipers before and 12 weeks after treatment. The tumor, liver, and kidneys were removed and prepared for pathologic examination using imunohistochemistry staining, and the apoptotic index was counted using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling method. AC reduce the tumor growth significantly (P < 0.001), whereas supplementation of PM, which significantly reduced the tumor growth compared with AC only, was at the 0.14 mg/d dose (P = 0.007). AC increase the apoptotic index significantly (P < 0.001), and supplementation with PM showed that the higher dose increased the apoptotic index. The correlation between the apoptotic index and the diameter of tumor was significantly negative (r = -0.884; P = 0.020). The apoptotic index of the liver and kidney increased significantly in the AC group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively); supplementation with PM decreased significantly the high apoptotic index caused by AC. We conclude that PM supplementation has a synergic effect to AC treatment in reducing the tumor growth, by increasing apoptosis, and protects the liver and kidney from damage caused by AC.

Wound-healing potential of the fruit extract of Phaleria macrocarpa

“…The fruit is green before ripening and red when fully ripe [8]. P. macrocarpa has been used to treat cancer, diabetes, ulcers and hypercholesterolemia [9][10][11][12]. Previous studies reported the isolation of many active compounds from various parts of P. macrocarpa, including phalerin, mangiferin, benzophenone glucopyranosides, mahkoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside, dodecanoic acid, and palmitic acid [13].…”

Comparative Effect of Maitake Pro4x with Chemotherapy Breast Cancer Treatment

“…After 7 days of weekly-administered doxorubicin (2 mg/kg by intravenous injection, a classical method of chemotherapy administration), they evaluated tumour growth; significant differences were observed in the tumour volume of animals receiving doxorubicin compared with that of control animals. Another study from Riwanto et al [38] found a reduction of tumour growth in C3H mice that were inoculated with breast cancer cells and that were treated intravenously with 0.013 mg of cyclophosphamide plus 0.0156 mg of doxorubicin. Here is necessary to talk about why not differences were found in the reduction of the tumour volume after treatment of chemotherapy alone or in combination with Maitake D-Fraction Pro4X.…”

Bioactive compounds and advanced processing technology: Phaleria macrocarpa (sheff.) Boerl, a review

“…From leaves to root, every part of P. macrocarpa plants (leaves, bark , stem , seed and fruit) is being used as a traditional medicine for different types of cancer especially against breast cancer and brain tumor . Phaleria macrocarpa is also used as a supplement with adriamycin cyclophosphamide (AC) for reducing tumor growth in breast cells by inducing apoptosis and at the same time, it protects liver and kidney from damage caused by AC . Phalerin and gallic acid has a major contribution in its cytotoxic properties .…”