Effect of Pest Damage Intensity on the Growth, Maturation, and Yield of Nectaried and Nectariless Cotton

Adjei-Maafo, I. K.; Wilson, L. T.; Thomson, NJ; Blood, P. R. B.

doi:10.1093/ee/12.2.353

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Similarly, in agricultural fields with few ants, cultivated cotton varieties bearing extrafloral nectaries often attract more insect herbivores and herbivory as compared with nectary-free varieties (e.g. Henneberry et al 1977;Adjei-Maafo et al 1983). Despite the increased herbivory on wild cotton plants with extrafloral nectar in the absence of ants, this ecological cost did not affect plant fitness during the years of this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

A selection mosaic in the facultative mutualism between ants and wild cotton

Rudgers

Strauss

2004

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

128

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In protection mutualisms, one mutualist defends its partner against a natural enemy in exchange for a reward, usually food or shelter. For both partners, the costs and benefits of these interactions often vary considerably in space because the outcome (positive, negative or neutral) depends on the local abundance of at least three species: the protector, the beneficiary of protection and the beneficiary's natural enemy. In Gossypium thurberi (wild cotton), ants benefit nutritionally from the plant's extrafloral nectaries and guard plants from herbivores. Experimentally altering the availability of both ants and extrafloral nectar in three populations demonstrated that the mutualism is facultative, depending, in part, on the abundance of ants and the level of herbivore damage. The species composition of ants and a parasitic alga that clogs extrafloral nectaries were also implicated in altering the outcome of plant-ant interactions. Furthermore, experimental treatments that excluded ants (the putative selective agents) in combination with phenotypic selection analyses revealed that selection on extrafloral nectary traits was mediated by ants and, importantly, varied across populations. This work is some of the first to manipulate interactions experimentally across multiple sites and thereby document that geographically variable selection, mediated by a mutualist, can shape the evolution of plant traits.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

A selection mosaic in the facultative mutualism between ants and wild cotton

Rudgers

Strauss

2004

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

128

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Multiple mechanisms of resistance may be particularly crucial in Gossypieae species because extrafloral nectaries can directly attract some herbivore species. Extrafloral nectaries in cultivated cotton can enhance the abundance of or damage by several crop pests including lepidopterans and plant bugs (Trelease, 1879;Lukefahr and Rhyne, 1960;Benschoter and Leal, 1974;Schuster et al, 1976;Wilson and Wilson, 1976;Henneberry et al, 1977;Adjei-Maafo et al, 1983;Beach et al, 1985;Smith, 1992;Summy and King, 1992), mainly because adults of these taxa consume extrafloral nectar. Other traits, such as gossypol glands and trichomes, may be needed to deter herbivores attracted to nectar.…”

Section: Direct Resistance Vs Indirect Resistance-both Within Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trade‐offs among anti‐herbivore resistance traits: insights from Gossypieae (Malvaceae)

Rudgers

Strauss

Wendel

2004

American J of Botany

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Plant defense theories commonly predict negative correlations among anti-herbivore resistance traits. Although this prediction has been widely accepted, the majority of empirical studies have failed to account for similarities among species due to common ancestry, thus risking pseudoreplication. Wild cotton plants possess traits conferring both direct resistance (toxic leaf glands and trichomes) and indirect resistance (extrafloral nectaries that reward enemies of herbivores). The evidence for negative phenotypic correlations among these resistance traits was examined at two levels: within Gossypium thurberi (wild cotton) and across species in the cotton clade (Gossypieae). A phylogenetic analysis controlled for shared ancestry among species. Across the Gossypieae, a strong negative correlation emerged between the direct resistance traits, leaf gland and trichomes. This correlation may reflect costs of these traits, a negative genetic correlation, or redundancy in their actions against herbivores. In contrast, the direct resistance traits (glands and trichomes) were not correlated with the indirect resistance trait of extrafloral nectar, either within or across species. The robust lack of correlation suggests that these direct and indirect resistance mechanisms evolve independently over evolutionary time scales. This conclusion conflicts with both predictions of plant defense theory and the majority of prior comparisons of direct and indirect resistance traits and may reflect the facultative nature of indirect resistance in Gossypieae.

show abstract

“…Ecological costs of EFNs have been identiWed (Adjei-Maafo et al 1983;Heil et al 2004;, and suggestive evidence exists for direct costs of EFN production and maintenance (Adjei-Maafo et al 1983;Rudgers 2004;Rutter and Rausher 2004;Sugiura et al 2006). Counteracting these costs, in many cases, EFNs beneWt plants by reducing herbivore damage as shown by this and other studies (reviewed by Bentley 1977;Heil 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Defensive effects of extrafloral nectaries in quaking aspen differ with scale

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of plant defenses on herbivory can differ among spatial scales. This may be particularly common with indirect defenses, such as extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), that attract predatory arthropods and are dependent on predator distribution, abundance, and behavior. We tested the defensive effects of EFNs in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) against damage by a specialist herbivore, the aspen leaf miner (Phyllocnistis populiella Cham.), at the scale of individual leaves and entire ramets (i.e., stems). Experiments excluding crawling arthropods revealed that the effects of aspen EFNs differed at the leaf and ramet scales. Crawling predators caused similar reductions in the percent leaf area mined on individual leaves with and without EFNs. However, the extent to which crawling predators increased leaf miner mortality and, consequently, reduced mining damage increased with EFN expression at the ramet scale. Thus, aspen EFNs provided a diffuse defense, reducing damage to leaves across a ramet regardless of leaf-scale EFN expression. We detected lower leaf miner damage and survival unassociated with crawling predators on EFN-bearing leaves, suggesting that direct defenses (e.g., chemical defenses) were stronger on leaves with than without EFNs. Greater direct defenses on EFN-bearing leaves may reduce the probability of losing these leaves and thus weakening ramet-scale EFN defense. Aspen growth was not related to EFN expression or the presence of crawling predators over the course of a single season. Different effects of aspen EFNs at the leaf and ramet scales suggest that future studies may benefit from examining indirect defenses simultaneously at multiple scales.

show abstract

Effect of Pest Damage Intensity on the Growth, Maturation, and Yield of Nectaried and Nectariless Cotton

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

A selection mosaic in the facultative mutualism between ants and wild cotton

A selection mosaic in the facultative mutualism between ants and wild cotton

Trade‐offs among anti‐herbivore resistance traits: insights from Gossypieae (Malvaceae)

Defensive effects of extrafloral nectaries in quaking aspen differ with scale

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About