Effect of pentoxifylline on kidney damage induced by nitrosamine in male rats

Abstract

Nitrosamines are well-known carcinogenic agents. Humans are exposed to nitrosamines in various ways, the most important of which is the diet. Pentoxifylline is a xanthine derivative, which is used as a drug that inhibits inflammatory factors, reduces blood viscosity, improves peripheral blood flow, and increases oxygenation of tissue. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of pentoxifylline against damage induced by nitrosamine to the kidneys of rats. In this study, 48 male rats were randomly assigned to 8 groups: control normal group and nitrosamine control treated group (40 mg/kg); pentoxifylline groups (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) and nitrosamine + pentoxifylline treated groups (25, 50, 100 mg/kg). Treatments were administered either intraperitoneally (nitrosamine) or orally (pentoxifylline) on a daily basis for 28 days. The normalized kidney weight, glomeruli characteristics, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, antioxidant capacity, kidney function indicators, and serum nitrite oxide levels were investigated. Nitrosamine administration increased kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) level, kidney weight, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and nitrite oxide levels and decreased significantly glomeruli number and tissue ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) level compared to the control normal group ( P < 0.05). The pentoxifylline and pentoxifylline + nitrosamine treatments reduced BUN, kidney MDA level, creatinine, glomerular diameter, and nitrite oxide levels significantly at all doses and increased the glomeruli number, kidney weight, and tissue FRAP level compared to the nitrosamine control group ( P < 0.05). It seems that pentoxifylline administration improved kidney injury induced by nitrosamine in rats.

Effects of Royal Jelly on the Prefrontal Cortex in a Rat - Morphine Toxicity Model

“…9 The free radicals generated following oxidative stress may have the potential to damage cellular compositions, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. 1 The lipid in the membrane of the nerve cells has a high content of oxidized unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, it seems that morphine can produce reactive oxygen species via P-450 enzyme and damage the nucleus in the neurons.…”

“…The results of Jalili et al confirmed the results of the current study, demonstrating that the prescription of pentoxifylline as an strong antioxidant decrease nitrite oxide level in rats treated by Nitrosamine. 1 Nitrite oxide is a free radical which can regulate angiogenesis, apoptosis and cell cycle. 1 Morphine can stimulate nitrite oxide receptors in the brain and increase glutamate release and NMDA activation.…”

“…The optical density (OD) of the sample was measured by an ELISA reader (Hyperion; USA) at a wavelength of 540 nm according to the manufacturer's protocol. 1 FRAP Method Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) method was used in order to the measure the total antioxidant capacity of the serum (Abcam, ab234626). Prior to the transcardiac method, venipuncture was done on the animals' hearts (right ventricle) using a 5 cc syringe.…”

“…Total antioxidant capacity values were strategized via the standard curve with diverse concentrations of iron sulfate. 1…”

“…Antioxidant compounds can reduce the oxidative stress. 1 Royal jelly (RJ) is a mixture of different secretions of mandibular glands in honeybees and plays a key role in neonatal growth as well as completion of special sexual features. 2 Bees feed on RJ in the first three days and their diet is changed afterwards.…”