Effect of Pencil Grip on Handwriting Speed and Legibility

Ziviani, Jenny; Elkins, John

doi:10.1080/0013191860380305

Cited by 67 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Handwriting speed and legibility were not negatively affected by pencil grasp in a number of studies involving children aged between 7 and 16 years (e.g., Rosenblum, Goldstand, et al, 2006;Ziviani & Elkins, 1986). Use of a dynamic tripod grip did not result in significant differences in speed or legibility when compared with use of an alternative grip in a study of 282 Australian children aged 8 to 14 years (Ziviani & Elkins, 1986) and in a study of 100 Israeli students aged 8 to 9 years (Rosenblum, Goldstand, et al, 2006).…”

Section: Lateral Tripod Grasp Lateral Quadrupod Graspmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Anecdotally, remediation of the pen grip is a focus of occupational therapy in both children and adult handwriting retraining. Yet, existing research suggests that a range of pen grip types are used and do not have a negative effect on writing speed, legibility or endurance (Dennis & Swinth, 2001;Rosenblum, Goldstand, et al, 2006;Ziviani & Elkins, 1986). Therapists" instructions to clients during rehabilitation to change their pen grip may therefore be unnecessary.…”

Section: Other Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of a dynamic tripod grip did not result in significant differences in speed or legibility when compared with use of an alternative grip in a study of 282 Australian children aged 8 to 14 years (Ziviani & Elkins, 1986) and in a study of 100 Israeli students aged 8 to 9 years (Rosenblum, Goldstand, et al, 2006).…”

Section: Lateral Tripod Grasp Lateral Quadrupod Graspmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Handwriting in healthy people aged 65 years and over

Drempt

McCluskey

Lannin

2011

Australian Occupational Therapy Journal

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Background: Handwriting is an important activity that is commonly affected by neurological and orthopaedic conditions. Handwriting research has predominantly involved children. Little is known about handwriting behaviour in healthy older adults. Aim: This study aims to describe the handwriting practices of 30 unimpaired adults aged 65 years and over. Methods: In this cross‐sectional observational study, data were collected from 30 older adults using a self‐report questionnaire, digital pen recordings over three days and a handwriting log. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: The mean age of participants was 75.1 years (standard deviation = 6.9). Variations in handwriting were evident in letter size, slant and spacing. Participants wrote very little – a median of 18 words per occasion (interquartile range = 10.5–26.9 words). Most handwriting involved self‐generated text (85%), not copied or transcribed text. Participants stood while writing for 17% of handwriting occasions. The most common reasons for handwriting were note taking (23%) and puzzles (22%). Conclusions: Legibility may not depend exclusively on the handwriting script that a beginning writer is taught, but may be a result of other factors as the person ages. A comprehensive adult handwriting assessment and retraining programme should be relevant to older adults, including common handwriting activities, involving self‐generated text and few words.

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Section: Lateral Tripod Grasp Lateral Quadrupod Graspmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Other Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lateral Tripod Grasp Lateral Quadrupod Graspmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Handwriting in healthy people aged 65 years and over

Drempt

McCluskey

Lannin

2011

Australian Occupational Therapy Journal

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“…He claimed that such a grip was superior as the muscles would be more relaxed. Some researchers (Sassoon et al, 1986;Jacobsen and Sperling, 1976;Ziviani and Elkins, 1986) have shown that pen grip does not influence the speed of writing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pen design on drawing and writing performance

2009

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Two experiments are reported with the aim of determining the effect of pen shape and size on two different types of task: drawing and writing. Experiment 1 attempted to determine the optimum shape and size of shank for ball-point pens used to perform an accurate drawing task. Twenty-seven participants used a total of nine different pens. Drawing performance was measured by having the subjects follow mazes of different size. The dependent variables were drawing movement time and drawing accuracy. The results indicate that the pen with an equivalent diameter of 8 mm had the best accuracy during drawing, even though it had the lowest speed. The results confirm the applicability and validity of the Drury tracking model for such a task. Even though users tended to prefer larger pens, their accuracy with such pens tended to be low.In a second experiment subjects performed a writing task (with no accuracy constraints) and rated their preference for types of pen. An attempt was made to determine the preferred dimensions of ball-point pens for writing in Chinese and English. A total of 36 "bare-bodied" pens and 20 Chinese subjects were used to evaluate the effects of shape, size and weight on time to write a sentence. The Writing ability, Comfort and an Overall rating were given by the subjects. The results indicate that the Chinese subjects preferred a circular shaped pen for writing in both languages. A factor analysis showed that speed, comfort and writing ability are independent parameters in pen evaluations.

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“…Fong and Shuyi investigated the stability and performance of touch pens in handwriting tasks and recommended pen size by comparing various lengths and diameters of the pen [1]. Ziviani and Elkins performed a study on grip patterns and upper limb posture [2]. Jae-Kung Kim et al have examined context-based annotation under pen input device environment [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Size of User Input Area on Task Performance of a Touch Pen

Lim

Kim

et al. 2006

The Japanese journal of ergonomics

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In recent years, various computer input devices have been developed with technological advances. A touch pen becomes more popular as a wireless input device for computers, PDAs and mobile phones. Although previous studies on a touch pen mainly focused on its physical characteristics, hand posture, and movement velocity, user input area has been rarely studied. Unlike tablets or pads with their size fixed, a wireless touch pen must set up its size of input area appropriately under normal circumstance or working environments. This study aims to identify the effect of the size of user input area on task performance of a touch pen. In addition to the size of user input area, display size and control-to-response ratio were examined through the experiment where eighteen subjects participated voluntarily. Task completion time, error rates and subject preference as performance measures were obtained from writing and drawing tasks. Through the experiment, appropriate size of user input area was found with respect to display size and control-response ratio. The study is expected to help the designer determine the specification of a touch pen as an input device for digital devices.

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Effect of Pencil Grip on Handwriting Speed and Legibility

Cited by 67 publications

References 12 publications

Handwriting in healthy people aged 65 years and over

Handwriting in healthy people aged 65 years and over

Effects of pen design on drawing and writing performance

Effect of the Size of User Input Area on Task Performance of a Touch Pen

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