Effect of Pathway-In-The-Sky and Synthetic Terrain Imagery on Situation Awareness in A Simulated Low-level Ingress Scenario

Snow, Michael P.; Reising, John M.

doi:10.21236/ada430687

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…The familiarisation session lasted approximately 25 min and this aligned with previous studies that used both classroom and simulator training for a similar amount of time when introducing new cockpit symbology (e.g. Snow and Reising, 1999). The participants then flew each of the four experimental conditions (clear, clear þ HUD, DVE or DVE þ HUD).…”

Section: Object-related Processes (O-rp)mentioning

confidence: 65%

“…In low visibility the spatial and temporal resolution of visual cues are reduced and can result in diminished situation awareness and increased workload (Hart, 1988). The presentation of information via a HUD in a manner that does not require the pilot to divert visual attention and cognitive resources into the cockpit has the ability to optimise workload and enhance situation awareness (Snow & Reising, 1999;Fadden et al, 1998;Snow and French, 2002). Conformal symbology is often included on HUDs to increase the realism of the presented information.…”

Section: Head Up Display Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extending helicopter operations to meet future integrated transportation needs

et al. 2016

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Helicopters have the potential to be an integral part of the future transport system. They offer a means of rapid transit in an overly populated transport environment. However, one of the biggest limitations on rotary wing flight is their inability to fly in degraded visual conditions in the critical phases of approach and landing. This paper presents a study that developed and evaluated a Head up Display (HUD) to assist rotary wing pilots by extending landing to degraded visual conditions. The HUD was developed with the assistance of the Cognitive Work Analysis method as an approach for analysing the cognitive work of landing the helicopter. The HUD was tested in a fixed based flight simulator with qualified helicopter pilots. A qualitative analysis to assess situation awareness and workload found that the HUD enabled safe landing in degraded conditions whilst simultaneously enhancing situation awareness and reducing workload. Continued development in this area has the potential to extend the operational capability of helicopters in the future.

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Section: Object-related Processes (O-rp)mentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Head Up Display Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Extending helicopter operations to meet future integrated transportation needs

et al. 2016

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“…Synthetic vision systems are only as reliable as the database, navigation, and display subsystems upon which they are built, but even with these limitations they seem a useful adjunct to traditional navigation aids and sensor systems. Research in the Air Force Research Laboratory has demonstrated substantial increases in pilot SA with the addition of synthetic terrain to a simulated HUD (head-up display) [3]. Further, this increase in SA was associated with a reduction in ground impacts during the low-level ingress scenarios used in these simulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…However, path dimensions in the literature on this topic vary widely. Theunissen has tested tunnels of roughly 75, 150, and 300 feet in width [10], Snow and Reising used a path width of 400 feet [3]. Williams [11] used a path width of 600 feet, as did the current study, roughly simulating an approach with a Required Navigation Performance (RNP) of 0.05 nautical miles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors report no difference in situation awareness on-path versus off-path [3], while others report a decrease in awareness of events and information not contained in the synthetic vision display [11,12]. To date, most of these studies have been done with head-down displays and the differences found (or not found) seem to be highly task-dependent (but see Fadden et al [16]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Primary Flight Symbology on Workload and Situation Awareness in a Head-Up Synthetic Vision Display

Snow¹,

French²

2002

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Precision navigation, display, and avionics technologies have progressed to the point that a head-up primary flight display incorporating synthetic elements such as terrain and commanded flight path is a possibility in the near future. The goal of such a display is to increase situation awareness and reduce aircrew reliance on warning systems or automation to prevent controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) mishaps. The primary flight display -and primary focus of attention -in modern fighter aircraft is a head-up display (HUD). This is becoming true also for newer transports in the U.S. Air Force inventory.Some human factors issues associated with synthetic vision in a head-down display are different from those associated with a head-up synthetic vision display, especially when the displays are used as primary flight references. Among these issues are the use of color, ability to see through the display, symbology clutter, compatibility between head-up and head-down displays, and attentional factors. This paper reports the results of a study in which HUD-experienced pilots flew simulated complex precision approaches to landing in three visibility conditions, with and without synthetic terrain, using either pathway-inthe-sky symbology or more traditional military standard HUD symbology. Workload and situation awareness measures were collected to determine the relative workload associated with these conditions and if, as has been proposed elsewhere, flying a pathway-in-the-sky display is associated with "cognitive capture", or a decrease in situation awareness concerning things other than the pathway. It was hypothesized that including pathway and synthetic terrain in a head-up primary flight display would result in a conformal symbology set that naturally draws pilots' attention to external events. It was also hypothesized that workload could be reduced by allowing pilots to maintain spatial orientation via preattentive processes rather than relying on instruments requiring focal vision and active interpretation.

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Examining the Effects of Conformal Terrain Features in Advanced Head‐Up Displays on Flight Performance and Pilot Situation Awareness

Kim

Kaber

2012

Hum Ftrs & Erg Mfg Svc

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Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using a GPS database and three-dimensional graphical models. Enhanced vision systems (EVS) present infrared imagery of terrain using a forward-looking sensor in the nose of an aircraft. The ultimate goal of SVS and EVS technologies is to support pilots in achieving safety under low-visibility and night conditions comparable to clear, day conditions. This study assessed pilot performance and situation awareness (SA) effects of SVS and EVS imagery in an advanced head-up display (HUD) during a simulated landing approach under instrument meteorological conditions. Videos of the landing with various HUD configurations were presented to eight pilots with a superimposed tracking task. The independent variables included four HUD feature configurations (baseline [no terrain imagery], SVS, EVS, and a combination of SVS and EVS), two visibility conditions, and four legs of the flight. Results indicated that SVS increased overall SA but degraded flight path control performance because of visual confusion with other display features. EVS increased flight path control accuracy but decreased system (aircraft) awareness because of visual distractions. The combination of SVS and EVS generated offsetting effects. Display configurations did not affect pilot spatial awareness. Flight performance was not different among phases of the approach, but levels and types of pilot SA did vary from leg to leg. These results are applicable to development of adaptive HUD features to support pilot performance. They support the use of multidimensional measures of SA for insight on pilot information processing with advanced aviation displays. C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Effect of Pathway-In-The-Sky and Synthetic Terrain Imagery on Situation Awareness in A Simulated Low-level Ingress Scenario

Cited by 27 publications

References 15 publications

Extending helicopter operations to meet future integrated transportation needs

Extending helicopter operations to meet future integrated transportation needs

Effects of Primary Flight Symbology on Workload and Situation Awareness in a Head-Up Synthetic Vision Display

Examining the Effects of Conformal Terrain Features in Advanced Head‐Up Displays on Flight Performance and Pilot Situation Awareness

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