Effect of passive smoking on growth and infection rates of breast‐fed and non‐breast‐fed infants

Yılmaz, Gonca; Hızlı, Şamil; Karacan, Can Demir; Yurdakök, Kadriye; Coşkun, Turgay; Dilmen, Uğur

doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.2008.02757.x

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Approximately 40% of children worldwide are exposed to cigarette smoke at home, and 43% have at least one parent who smokes (World Health Organization (WHO), 2009). This early exposure to constituents of cigarette smoke makes children susceptible to respiratory infections, ear infections, growth retardation, and an increased frequency of hospitalizations due to infections (Ladomenou et al, 2009; Yilmaz et al, 2009a). Moreover, these children have decreased serum antioxidant vitamins (A, C, and E), which can contribute to an oxy-cellular redox imbalance and, consequently, increased lipid peroxidation and protein and DNA damage by free radicals present in cigarette smoke (Yilmaz et al, 2009b).…”

Section: Worldwide Tobacco Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and Endocrine Dysfunction Programmed by Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy and Lactation

Lisboa¹,

Oliveira²,

Moura³

2012

Front. Physio.

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Obesity is a global epidemic, and maternal smoking has been shown to be associated with the development of childhood obesity. Overall, approximately 40% of children worldwide are exposed to tobacco smoke at home. It is well known that environmental changes within a critical window of development, such as gestation or lactation, can initiate permanent alterations in metabolism that lead to diseases in adulthood, a phenomenon called programming. It is known that programming is based on epigenetic alterations (changes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation, or small interfering RNA expression) that change the expression pattern of several genes. However, little is known concerning the mechanisms by which smoke exposure in neonatal life programs the adipose tissue and endocrine function. Here, we review several epidemiological and experimental studies that confirm the association between maternal nicotine or tobacco exposure during gestation or lactation and the development of obesity and endocrine dysfunction. For example, a positive correlation was demonstrated in rodents between increased serum leptin in the neonatal period and exposure of the mothers to nicotine during lactation, and the further development of leptin and insulin resistance, and thyroid and adrenal dysfunction, in adulthood in the same offspring. Thus, a smoke-free environment during the lactation period is essential to improving health outcomes in adulthood and reducing the risk for future diseases. An understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of smoking on programming can provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for obesity.

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Section: Worldwide Tobacco Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and Endocrine Dysfunction Programmed by Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy and Lactation

Lisboa¹,

Oliveira²,

Moura³

2012

Front. Physio.

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“…103 Smoking should not occur in the presence of the infant so as to minimize the negative effect of secondary passive smoke inhalation. 104 Smoking is also a risk factor for low milk supply and poor weight gain. 105,106 MATERNAL DIET Well-nourished lactating mothers have an increased daily energy need of 450 to 500 kcal/day that can be met by a modest increase in a normally balanced varied diet.…”

Section: Contraindications To Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

Eidelman¹,

Schanler²,

Johnston³

et al. 2012

Pediatrics

3,860

1,367

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Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition. Given the documented short- and long-term medical and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding, infant nutrition should be considered a public health issue and not only a lifestyle choice. The American Academy of Pediatrics reaffirms its recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding as complementary foods are introduced, with continuation of breastfeeding for 1 year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant. Medical contraindications to breastfeeding are rare. Infant growth should be monitored with the World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Curve Standards to avoid mislabeling infants as underweight or failing to thrive. Hospital routines to encourage and support the initiation and sustaining of exclusive breastfeeding should be based on the American Academy of Pediatrics-endorsed WHO/UNICEF “Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding.” National strategies supported by the US Surgeon General’s Call to Action, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and The Joint Commission are involved to facilitate breastfeeding practices in US hospitals and communities. Pediatricians play a critical role in their practices and communities as advocates of breastfeeding and thus should be knowledgeable about the health risks of not breastfeeding, the economic benefits to society of breastfeeding, and the techniques for managing and supporting the breastfeeding dyad. The “Business Case for Breastfeeding” details how mothers can maintain lactation in the workplace and the benefits to employers who facilitate this practice.

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“…Lower rates of obesity are linked to breastfeeding, which has a protective affect against obesity in later life ( 26 ). Yilmaz et al ( 27 ) found that breastfeeding promoted the growth of infants who were passively exposed to tobacco smoke and it is advised that breastfeeding should be promoted to protect infants against the health hazards of passive smoking. It primarily protects against obesity and secondarily prevents cardiopulmonary complications in obese patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Passive Smoking on the Six-Minute Walk Test in Obese Pediatric Cases

Kaymaz¹,

Yıldırım²,

Tekin³

et al. 2014

Jcrpe

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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether exposure to second-hand smoke affected the six-minute walk test (6MWT) of obese non-asthmatic pediatric cases.Methods: Obese pediatric patients (body mass index >95th p) with no existing co-morbidities were included in the study. Smoke exposure was assessed with a self-reported questionnaire completed by the parents. The subjects were divided into two groups: Group 1 consisting of obese children exposed to passive smoking and Group 2 of obese children not exposed to passive smoking. In addition to 6MWT, spirometric flow and volume, including forced expiratory volume in 1 s and peak expiratory flow rate, were also measured in all subjects. The results of the 6MWT were assessed to determine any association with passive smoking.Results: The study included 75 obese pediatric cases (40 male, 35 female) with a mean age of 9.06±0.97 years. The 6MWT results in Group 1 was 501.88±62.12 meters and in Group 2 559.63±72.93 meters. The difference was statistically significant (p=0.001).Conclusions: Passive smoking may negatively affect the respiratory and cardiovascular capacity in obese children, who are already at risk of lower cardiopulmonary function. The evaluation of 6MWT in these pediatric patients may be useful for monitoring and families should be warned about potential problems due to smoking.

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Effect of passive smoking on growth and infection rates of breast‐fed and non‐breast‐fed infants

Cited by 28 publications

References 31 publications

Obesity and Endocrine Dysfunction Programmed by Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy and Lactation

Obesity and Endocrine Dysfunction Programmed by Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy and Lactation

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

The Effects of Passive Smoking on the Six-Minute Walk Test in Obese Pediatric Cases

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