Effect of Particle Size of Additives on the Flammability and Mechanical Properties of Intumescent Flame Retarded Polypropylene Compounds

Bocz, Katalin; Krain, Tamás; Marosi, György

doi:10.1155/2015/493710

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…3b improved better in TM but decreased in TS. The presence of APP which caused a decrease as expected agrees with the report of Bocz et al [17]. Similar trend have been reported for OPFC as seen in the work of Khalili et al [9], Redwan et el [18] and Norzali et al [19].…”

Section: Tensile Propertiessupporting

confidence: 90%

Thermal, mechanical and flame spread properties of hybridized flame retardant in oil palm fibre-polyester panel

Suoware

Edelugo

2018

SN Appl. Sci.

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In order to mitigate the start and spread of flame of combustible materials, flame retardants (FR) are incorporated during processing that influences mechanical and thermal properties. In this paper six (6) FR species derived from aluminium hydroxide (ATH), ammonium polyphosphate with gum arabic powder (APP-GAP) a new FR, ATH/APP-GAP hybrid formulation and CB synergist at 0, 12, 15 and 18% loading ratio were developed in oil palm fibre reinforced polyester composites panel using hand lay-up compression moulding technique. The effect of the FR on the mechanical, thermal and flame spread properties were then evaluated. Flame spread results using radiant panel flame spread apparatus show hybrid flame retardant panel traveled less distance of 150 mm from 450 mm of the control without FR which represents a 67% decrease and indicative of a weak available flame spread energy that led to flame extinguishment. Mechanical properties obtained with the universal testing machine reveals improved tensile strength, tensile modulus and flexural strength in the case of the 12%ATH non-hybrid FR by 16.2%, 5.9% and 71.2% respectively, indicative of ATH having great affinity with the polyester resin and effective transfer of stresses. Thermogravimeteric analysis reveals that the 12%ATH non-hybrid FR and the 15%APP-GAP/CB non-hybrid-synergist FR are more thermally stable before degradation began around 376 °C and 391 °C and fully degraded at 421 °C and 415 °C respectively. Char residue at 900 °C also confirms that the non-hybrid synergist residual mass at 17.47% indicative of a rich decomposition nature of APP-GAP-CB into a more stable char structure could be a good flame retardant. The results obtained indicates that the new concept of APP-GAP to formulate an hybridized FR and non-hybrid-synergist in oil palm fibre-polyester panel is feasible to meet the expectations of a good flame retardancy and thermal stability but do not support improved mechanical properties.

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Section: Tensile Propertiessupporting

confidence: 90%

Thermal, mechanical and flame spread properties of hybridized flame retardant in oil palm fibre-polyester panel

Suoware

Edelugo

2018

SN Appl. Sci.

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“…Utilizing the physical blends of various FR components as IFR was advantageous for the sake of convenience. However, it was reported that the size and its distribution of each component in the substrate significantly affected the performance of both FR and mechanical property (56). The main reason was that the functional compositions could not come into contact with each other sufficiently, which was the disadvantage compared with the chemical bonding process.…”

Section: Loi and Ul-94 Vertical Burning Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of a novel modified chitosan as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin

Xia

et al. 2020

E-Polymers

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AbstractAccording to the concept of fire life cycle assessment (LCA), a new type of intumescent flame retardant was designed and synthesized by chemically bonding chitosan, phosphorus pentoxide and melamine. The resultant compound, chitosan ethoxyl melamine phosphate (CEMP), was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, XRD and SEM. The performance of CEMP and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) was evaluated in the substrate of epoxy resin (EP) with limited oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, cone calorimetric test (CCT), TGA and TG-IR. As a result, intumescent flame retardant EP (EP3) containing 30.6% LOI and V-0 rating was prepared by adding 3 wt% OMMT and 15 wt% CEMP. The CCT results indicated that CEMP and OMMT reduced the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) to about one fourth that of pure EP and total heat release (THR), 1/2. Decomposition of EP and EP3 was traced from 100 to 600°C by TG-IR.

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“…However, it was found that its distribution and the size of each component in the substrate significantly affected the performance both of FR and mechanical property. [8] The main reason was that the functional compositions could not contact with each other sufficiently. It was a disadvantage compared with the chemical bonding process.…”

Section: Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, the occurrence of smoke in combustion is effectively suppressed. For these advantages, IFRs are widely applied to different polymer matrix including polypropylene (PP), [8,9] polycarbonate (PC), [10] polyurethane (PU), [1,11,12] and epoxy resin (EP), [5,13,14] and so forth. Although the distinct flame retardant effect has been achieved, there are still many shortcomings including easy migration, poor durability, and water solubility of IFRs, by far many endeavors have been dedicated to overcome these drawbacks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of organic–inorganic intumescent flame retardant with phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon and its flame retardant effect for epoxy resin

Xia

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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According to the requirement of fire life cycle assessment (LCA), chitosan ethoxyl urea phosphate (CEUP), an organic–inorganic intumescent flame retardant (IFR) containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon, was synthesized by the reaction of chitosan, phosphorus pentoxide, and urea. FTIR, 1H NMR, SEM, and XRD were employed to characterize the compounds. As a result, CEUP was successfully prepared with higher thermal stability, favorable to enhance fire resistance. Combined with OMMT, the organic/inorganic IFR was applied as EP flame‐retardant agents. The combustion behavior of EP composite was investigated by LOI, UL‐94, CCT, SEM, TGA, and TG‐IR. It was observed that using 15% CEUP and 3% OMMT (EP3), LOI value reached 34.8% and passed the UL‐94 V‐0 rating, while THR and TSP of EP composite reduced 65 and 72% compared with pure EP. The char residue of EP composite was up to 22.4%. The thermal decomposition mechanism was traced from 100 to 600°C by TG‐IR. It was suggestive that CEUP decomposition commenced at 100°C to create phosphoric acid and sublimation of urea occurred at 300°C. EP3 exhibited a strong thermal stability, namely even at 600°C, the volatile substances were detectable. Dense and expanded carbon layer was confirmed in SEM images.

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Effect of Particle Size of Additives on the Flammability and Mechanical Properties of Intumescent Flame Retarded Polypropylene Compounds

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

Thermal, mechanical and flame spread properties of hybridized flame retardant in oil palm fibre-polyester panel

Thermal, mechanical and flame spread properties of hybridized flame retardant in oil palm fibre-polyester panel

Synthesis of a novel modified chitosan as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin

Preparation of organic–inorganic intumescent flame retardant with phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon and its flame retardant effect for epoxy resin

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