Effect of Oxidative Stress on Cardiovascular System in Response to Gravity

Abstract

Long-term habitation in space leads to physiological alterations such as bone loss, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular deconditioning. Two predominant factors—namely space radiation and microgravity—have a crucial impact on oxidative stress in living organisms. Oxidative stress is also involved in the aging process, and plays important roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and myocardial infarction. Here, we discuss the effects of space radiation, microgravity, and a combination of these two factors on oxidative stress. Future research may facilitate safer living in space by reducing the adverse effects of oxidative stress.

Redox Signaling and Its Impact on Skeletal and Vascular Responses to Spaceflight

“…Studies overwhelmingly demonstrate a link between oxidative damage and tissue dysfunction that ensues from exposure to spaceflight factors ( Figure 1 ). One of the outstanding questions that needs to be addressed is whether oxidative damage mediates or results from progressive tissue degeneration in the course of spaceflight [ 156 ]. More studies using genetic models for altered redox status will contribute to resolving this question.…”

Oxidative Stress and Space Biology: An Organ-Based Approach

“…Space flight adaptation syndromes are a product of the environmental conditions and the synergistic reaction of the systemic human physiology, which together combine to produce a combinatorial syndrome that must be resolved in order to safely inhabit and explore space, especially for extended periods [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. This paper documents an exciting glimpse of current pertinent scientific literature sustaining the involvement of oxidative stress and damage (OSaD) [ 7 , 8 ] as a significant contributing factor in the following areas of Earth-based and space flight-related dysregulation of: (1) bone loss [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]; (2) cardiovascular function [ 14 ]; (3) immune insufficiency and metabolism [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]; (4) neurological impairment [ 18 ]; and (5) potential countermeasure implementation [ 18 , 19 ]. The cited literature illuminates the environmental challenges of spaceflight encompassing reduced gravity, radiation, varying atmospheric conditions, such as hyperoxia and hypoxia experienced during extravehicular and intravehicular activity (EVA/IVA), and evidence of synergistic effects that portend substantial consequences for long duration/exploration class missions.…”

Oxidative Stress and the Kidney in the Space Environment

“…These alterations form the frame for endothelial dysfunction that could result in vascular ageing [ 19 ]. Similar degenerative processes have been described regarding microgravity and radiation effects on the cardiovascular system through NOX (NADPH oxidase) protein monomerization and the production of different types of ROS (especially superoxide anion) [ 23 ]. Therefore, according to available evidence, the significance of oxidative stress during spaceflight is multifactorial, results in severe endothelial damage, and has a multidimensional impact on space travelers with manifestations from several organs.…”