Effect of owner-controlled acaricidal treatment on tick infestation and immune response to tick-borne pathogens in naturally infested dogs from Eastern Austria

Abstract

BackgroundTick-borne infections resulting from regular tick infestation in dogs are a common veterinary health problem all over the world. The application of repellent and acaricidal agents to prevent transmission of pathogens is a major protection strategy and has been proven to be highly effective in several trials under laboratory and natural conditions in dogs. Despite such promising results, many dog owners still report tick infestation in their dogs although acaricidal agents are used. Information about the current infection status and changes of the infection status regarding tick-borne diseases (TBD) in dogs treated by the owner’s controlled acaricide application is lacking.MethodsIn this study 30 dogs were each treated with permethrin, fipronil + S-methoprene, or served as untreated controls. Application of the acaricide was performed by the owner who decided when and how often to use the spot on preparation. Over a period of 11 months, dogs were clinically examined and sampled for antibody responses against Babesia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi s. l., and TBE virus before the study started, 6 months later and at the end of the investigation period.ResultsThe permethrin acaricide was applied on average 3.40 times within the examination period, whereas the fipronil + S-methoprene medication was applied 3.03 times. Approximately 2/3 of all dogs, independent of the group, had a positive immune response to one or more pathogens. Three dogs developed clinical symptoms of canine babesiosis, all other dogs remained healthy. Individual number of ticks per dog or number of infections per dog did not correlate with the application rate, and the number of ticks per dog did not influence the number of infections per dog. As owners did not apply the acaricides regularly no influence on the number of infections could be documented although the number of ticks was clearly reduced by the application of the spot-on drugs.ConclusionsClinical disease in dogs exposed to tick-borne pathogens is rare, although a humoral immune response reflecting infection is common. More educational training for dog owners is necessary to make the application of acaricides effective regarding the prevention of tick-borne diseases.

Seasonal and spatial distribution of ixodid tick species feeding on naturally infested dogs from Eastern Austria and the influence of acaricides/repellents on these parameters

“…Animals [13] were allocated to three groups of equal numbers as follows: the group “permethrin” was treated with a commercially available spot-on acaricide/repellent (permethrin, Exspot®, Intervet GmbH, Austria), the group “fipronil” was treated with an acaricide (fipronil, Frontline®spot on, Merial, France); the “untreated” group received no treatment. In the untreated group, 2 dogs died before the end of the study in winter 2008/2009: the causes of death were not related to ticks or to tick-transmitted pathogens.…”

A comparative laboratory trial evaluating the immediate efficacy of fluralaner, afoxolaner, sarolaner and imidacloprid + permethrin against adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) ticks attached to dogs

“…The ability of acaricides to prevent pathogen transmission under specific laboratory conditions [18–21] is not proof that they eliminate the risk of pathogen transmission under field conditions because the multiple variables occurring in a natural setting cannot be mimicked in a laboratory trial [4, 5]. Furthermore, poor dog owner compliance with parasite treatment recommendations [1–3] is another factor that reduces the ability of commercially available acaricides to control the risk of tick borne parasite transmission. Therefore, an extended persistent duration of acaricidal efficacy against R. sanguineus ( s.l .)…”

“…Even with the availability of safe and potent acaricides, the possibility of attached ticks on dogs is always a concern, perhaps because of weak dog owner adherence to product administration directions [1–3]. Attached ticks present a direct threat to dogs from site irritation, blood loss and anaemia from feeding, as well as presenting potentially fatal indirect threats from pathogen transmission.…”

Seroprevalence Of IgG Antibodies Against Borrelia burgdorferi In Dogs In Belgrade Area, Serbia

“…Data on the seroprevalence of dogs in Europe is mainly based on the results of IFA and ELISA, while WB was rarely used for estimating the epizootic situation [24,25].…”