Effect of organotin stabiliser on the thermal stabilisation of PVC: Part II—Structure changes in PVC and the mechanism of stabilisation

Xu, Riwei; Zhou, Dafei; Zhao, Dan

doi:10.1016/0141-3910(90)90071-e

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Crosslinking 193 and chain scission 22 are reported for dehydrochlorination under nitrogen and air (see prior discussion in this chapter). The presence of oxygen also was found to accelerate the process due to formation of free radicals.…”

Section: Radical-chain Theorymentioning

confidence: 92%

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Principles of Thermal Degradation

Wypych¹

2015

PVC Degradation and Stabilization

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Section: Radical-chain Theorymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…• degradation in the presence of catalyst residue, 22 • the presence of transfer catalyst, 192 • benzene formation, 33 • crosslinking 193 and chain scission, 22 • incineration. 194 Winkler 196 was the first to propose a radical mechanism in 1959, as follows:…”

Section: Radical-chain Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles of Thermal Degradation

Wypych¹

2015

PVC Degradation and Stabilization

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“…Free Cl sites in the PVC polymers are also stabilized by organotins; usually by S found in a thiol (or mercaptide) group in S-containing organotins. 5,6 Organotin concentrations in PVC typically range from 0.5-2.0% (by weight). 7 Several studies have been performed on the leaching of organotins from PVC pipe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciation of organotins in polyvinyl chloride pipe via X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in leachates using GC-PFPD after derivatisation

2007

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Three different polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe types were subjected to de-ionized water exposures over the course of at least 180 days. Water exposed to the pipe was analyzed for organotin speciation and concentration. Organotin concentrations were the highest during the first 1-5 days. The species and concentrations of organotins leached varied by pipe type. Data were normalized by surface area in order to compare laboratory results with results from a residential pipe system. For one pipe type, the lowest non-zero concentrations from the laboratory tests overestimated organotin concentrations in solution when compared with water samples from the same pipe type in a residence. For organotin exposure estimates, a range of 0.1 ng m(-2) to 10 ng m(-2) could be used for mature pipes (e.g. in use for 1 year). These estimates should be refined with more field study, however, due to the high variation in organotin species and concentrations leached as a function of pipe type, accuracy within an order of magnitude may be optimal as, in many instances, the type of pipe installed or buried may be unknown. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to identify organic and inorganic tin species in reference materials and the PVC samples. Monobutyl tin was identified as the primary organotin species in the pipes. Results from the XAS analyses also indicate that the technique shows promise for distinguishing between inorganic tin and organotins. Furthermore, organotins may be distinguished between mono-, di-, and tri-ligand species using XAS.

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“…The mechanism of this process has been studied for a long time. Three mechanisms have been suggested, based on different active centres, namely radical, ionic and molecular mechanisms 6 . It is well established that the dehydrochlorination of PVC at processing temperatures may start randomly along the polymer backbone but it initiates in particular at "labile" chlorine sites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Tri(n-butyl) Tin(IV) –2– [3–Benzoyl phenyl] Propionate on the Degradation and Stabilisation of PVC in Inert and Oxidative Atmospheres

Iqbal

Ishaq

Sarwar

et al. 2007

Polymers and Polymer Composites

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Tri(n-butyl) tin(IV)–2–[3–benzoyl phenyl] propionate has been used to enhance the shelf life of rigid poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). Studies of the thermal degradation of PVC have been a prime focus for a long time. Different substances have been tried to control and stabilise the process of thermal degradation. In the present work the aforementioned stabiliser has been used for this purpose. The samples of PVC containing different amounts of the stabiliser were prepared and treated at 190 ± 3 °C. The effect of the stabiliser on the degradation in nitrogen and air environments was studied through conductometric and spectroscopic measurements. The stabiliser was effective in slowing down the process of degradation. It also increased the initial induction period, i.e. the time during which no sign of degradation were observed. About 3% of stabiliser reduced the rate of the degradation of PVC by half, and almost doubled the induction period. It was more efficient in nitrogen than in air. These findings indicate that tri(n-butyl) tin(IV)–2–[3–benzoyl phenyl] propionate is a good inhibitor as well as an effective retarder.

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Effect of organotin stabiliser on the thermal stabilisation of PVC: Part II—Structure changes in PVC and the mechanism of stabilisation

Cited by 16 publications

References 3 publications

Principles of Thermal Degradation

Principles of Thermal Degradation

Speciation of organotins in polyvinyl chloride pipe via X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in leachates using GC-PFPD after derivatisation

The Effect of Tri(n-butyl) Tin(IV) –2– [3–Benzoyl phenyl] Propionate on the Degradation and Stabilisation of PVC in Inert and Oxidative Atmospheres

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