Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on the Blood Serum Enzymes and DNA Damage in Lymphocytes Among Users

Naz, Falaq; Jyoti, Smita; Rahul, .; Akhtar, Nishat; Siddique, Yasir Hasan

doi:10.1007/s12291-015-0533-x

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Current findings are in correlation with the previous studies where an increase in the plasma levels of AST and ALT has been reported 55,56 . However, the results are contrary to the studies that indicate a decrease in the ALP level 55 However, the mainly two members are Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes 58 . The study found 12 different bacterial phyla in our samples among all groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Levonorgestrel and Desogestrel Modulate Gut Microbiota and Blood Biochemistry of Female Wistar Rats

Al-Gham¹,

Baothma²,

Afzal³

et al. 2022

International J. of Pharmacology

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Background and Objective: Hormonal Contraceptive Pills (HCPs) are commonly prescribed to avoid unwanted pregnancies, endometrial cancers, migraines and to regulate the menstrual cycle. In the present study, female Wistar rats were orally administered with Levonorgestrel (LNG) and Desogestrel (DG) for 12 weeks. Twelve-hours fasting rats were dissected, blood biochemistry, gut microbiota and histology of breast tissue were analysed. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 12 female Albino Wistar rats of similar age and weight. Two groups were treated with hormonal contraceptive medicines and one group was labelled as the negative control. Post-treatment rats were dissected and subjected to blood biochemistry and gut microbiota analysis. ANOVA and Tukeyʼs test was applied for statistical analysis. The p-values up to 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Results have shown significant changes in cortisol, testosterone, lipid profile and heart/liver associated plasma enzyme markers. The study demonstrates an increase in the gut microbiota diversity in the treated samples. An increase in some pathogenic genera such as Desulfovibrio, Anaerovorax, Oscillibacter in the levonorgestrel was also found. The histological study of breast tissues has shown an increased fat deposit among the medicated rats. Conclusion:In conclusion, found a positive correlation between the use of contraceptive pills and both blood biomarkers and gut microbiota. The second generation medicine (LNG) has shown severe negative effects as compared to third-generation medicine (DG).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Levonorgestrel and Desogestrel Modulate Gut Microbiota and Blood Biochemistry of Female Wistar Rats

Al-Gham¹,

Baothma²,

Afzal³

et al. 2022

International J. of Pharmacology

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“…In a recent study by Falaq Naz et al showed hormonal contraceptives seem to exert DNA damage and also have significant effects on blood serum enzymes [15]. Very few authors in the literature have observed these types of chromosomal aberrations, also they were unable to give statistical analysis of these types as observed in present study.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 60%

Effect of Synthetic Progesterone (Norethisterone) on Human Chromosomes: A Cytogenetic Study From India

Sumedha¹,

S.D²

2018

IJAR

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Birth restriction methods dates back to prehistoric times, half a million years ago. Modern contraceptive methods constitute most contraceptive use. Nearly 800 million married or in-union women are projected to be using contraception in 2030. Norethisterone (synthetic progesterone) is used for many therapeutic purposes, and is being used by millions of women in India. The present study was carried out during August 2009 to July 2011 on sixty fertile females within reproductive age group. Chromosomal analysis was carried out to find the effects of synthetic progesterone (Norethisterone) on human chromosomes in lymphocyte culture in vitro in three groups at 0, 75 µg, 100 µg of drug per ml respectively and observed for chromosomal aberrations like break, gap, dicentric chromosome and chromosomal association. Chromosomal aberrations were significantly increased at higher concentrations. Mean chromosomal gaps at 0µg/ml, 75µg/ml and 100 µg/ml concentration were 6.90, 7.62 and 10.58 respectively and mean chromosomal breaks in that same concentration were 6.63, 7.28 and 10.08 respectively. 30 samples of the 60 showed chromosomal associations and 5 showed dicentric chromosomes. There is a direct correlation between increase in concentration of Norethisterone and structural chromosomal aberrations, which may be carried to next generation, and lead to anomalies in progeny of woman taking such high doses of synthetic progesterone.

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“…Types, numbers, total changes and mutagenic index (%) obtained for the negative (CO-) and positive (CO+) control groups and the groups treated with different female contraceptives, at times 0, 24 and 48 hours. In a search conducted by Naz et al (2016), for assessing DNA damage to blood lymphocytes, the authors indicated that the longer the period of use of oral contraceptives, the greater the damage found. This hypothesis can be verified according to the reports of Ahmad et al (2001), who confirmed the genotoxic potential of synthetic progestins, used as contraceptives, and the influence of time and dose in the experiments was also observed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of female contraceptives in Allium cepa L.

Bohrer

Santos

Perszel

et al. 2022

RSD

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Currently, a large part of the female population uses contraceptive methods due to the benefits provided by this medication. These drugs can be found in oral or injectable form and are basic compounds for progestogen and estrogen. However, despite the benefits, these contraceptives can cause a number of harmful effects as women, due to continuous and prolonged use, in addition to the problem of these compounds being excreted in the sewers, daily, causing problems to the population and the animals exposed. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of different contraceptives, using Allium cepa L. as a eukaryotic test system. Four contraceptives were used: indicated for lactating mothers (A1), the following day pill (A2), a drospirenone (A3) and an injectable (A4). Based on the results, conclude what is the A1 contraceptive, which is indicated for women in the lactation phase, shows cytotoxic effect, with a decrease in the mitotic index. However, none of the contraceptives studied were mutagenic for the eukaryotic cells studied. Thus, the data of the present study indicate that chronic studies must be carried out in order to protect humans and other organisms that may be exposed to these substances in the environment.

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Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on the Blood Serum Enzymes and DNA Damage in Lymphocytes Among Users

Cited by 9 publications

References 53 publications

Levonorgestrel and Desogestrel Modulate Gut Microbiota and Blood Biochemistry of Female Wistar Rats

Levonorgestrel and Desogestrel Modulate Gut Microbiota and Blood Biochemistry of Female Wistar Rats

Effect of Synthetic Progesterone (Norethisterone) on Human Chromosomes: A Cytogenetic Study From India

Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of female contraceptives in Allium cepa L.

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