Effect of optimal spinning reserve requirement on system pollution emission considering reserve supplying demand response in the electricity market

A review of demand side management business models in the electricity market

“…There are studies that show the vast system-wise benefits of integrating DR into ancillary service [20][21][22][23]. Such observations and the fact that intermittent renewable energy resource proliferation will increase the ancillary service requirement [24] have convinced more regulators to allow DR resources to join ancillary service markets.…”

Flexible security-constrained scheduling of wind power enabling time of use pricing scheme

“…[20]. Moreover, the environmental cost coefficient of pollutants are considered to be 0.5 $/kg and 3 $/kg for SO 2 and NO x emissions, respectively [21]. In order to show the effect of wind power penetration on the system operation, we add two wind farms at Bus 2 and Bus 22.…”

Co-optimization of Energy and Demand-Side Reserves in Day-Ahead Electricity Markets

“…The framework of Behrangrad [12] enables the study of the effect of optimal reserve scheduling and emission reduction as well as an analysis of the system effects of pollution reduction. With the increased advanced metering instrument and smart grid realization, the reserve supplying DR is becoming an important player in the reserve market, and thus, these resources are also taken into account.…”