Effect of Oculomotor and Other Visual Skills on Reading Performance: A Literature Review

Kulp, Marjean Taylor; Schmidt, Paulette P.

doi:10.1097/00006324-199604000-00011

Cited by 36 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Several previous studies have shown that measures of oculomotor efficiency are related to measures of reading ability (e.g., Eden, Stein, Wood, & Wood, 1994;Griffin, Walton, & Ives, 1974;Juola, Haugh, Trast, Ferraro, & Liebhaber, 1987;Lefton, Nagle, Johnson, & Fisher, 1979;Pavlidis, 1981Pavlidis, , 1983; for a review, see Kulp & Schmidt, 1996). For example, Griffin et al (1974) demonstrated that individuals with poor reading skills also showed poor oculomotor control in a non-reading eye movement task relative to more skilled readers, suggesting that there might be a tight link between oculomotor processing ability and reading ability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Individual differences in the perceptual span during reading: Evidence from the moving window technique

Choi

Lowder

Ferreira

et al. 2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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We report the results of an eye tracking experiment that used the gaze-contingent moving window technique to examine individual differences in the size of readers' perceptual span. Participants read paragraphs while the size of the rightward window of visible text was systematically manipulated across trials. In addition, participants completed a large battery of individual-difference measures representing two cognitive constructs: language ability and oculomotor processing speed. Results showed that higher scores on language ability measures and faster oculomotor processing speed were associated with faster reading times and shorter fixation durations. More interestingly, the size of readers' perceptual span was modulated by individual differences in language ability but not by individual differences in oculomotor processing speed, suggesting that readers with greater language proficiency are more likely to have efficient mechanisms to extract linguistic information beyond the fixated word.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Individual differences in the perceptual span during reading: Evidence from the moving window technique

Choi

Lowder

Ferreira

et al. 2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…The majority of evidence of a positive association between the effects of vision therapy and learning is indirect and anecdotal, however, there are some well designed experiments showing associations between visual function and learning difficulties, particularly reading ability (Bennet et al ., 1982; Grisham and Simons, 1986; The 1986/87 Future of Visual Development/Performance Task Force; Simons and Grisham, 1986; Simons and Gassler, 1988; Rosner and Rosner, 1994; Garzia and Franzel, 1996; Kulp and Schmidt, 1996). Significant correlations have been shown between reading accuracy, reading comprehension, reading rate and numeracy and one or more of unaided distance vision, binocular distance acuity, retinoscopy, convergence, phoria, fixation disparity and colour vision (O’Grady, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Referral rates for a functional vision screening among a large cosmopolitan sample of Australian children

Junghans

Kiely

Crewther

et al. 2002

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of functional vision problems in a large unselected cosmopolitan population of primary school-age children and to investigate whether constant clinical criteria for functional vision problems would be implemented by the practitioners involved in the screening. Refractive errors, near point of convergence, stereopsis, strabismus, heterophoria and accommodative facility were assessed for 2697 children (3-12 years) of varying racial backgrounds living in Australia. The spherical component of the refractive error ranged from -7.75 to +9.50 D (mean +0.54 D, +/-0.79) with a distribution skewed towards hypermetropia; astigmatism ranged from 0 to 4.25 D (mean -0.16 D, +/-0.35). There was a trend towards less hypermetropia and slightly more astigmatism with age. Mean near point of convergence was 5.4+/-2.9 cm, heterophoria at far and near was 0.12+/-1.58delta exophoria and 1.05+/-2.53delta exophoria, respectively, 0.55% of children exhibited vertical phoria at near >0.5delta, accommodative facility ranged from 0 to 24 cycles per minute (cpm) (mean 11.2 cpm, +/-3.7), stereopsis varied from 20 to 800 s (") of arc with 50% of children having 40" or better. The prevalence of strabismus was particularly low (0.3%). Twenty percent of the children were referred for further assessment based on criteria of one or more of: stereopsis >70", accommodative facility <8 cpm, near point of convergence (NPC) >9 cm, near exophoria >10delta or near esophoria >5delta, shift in eso or exophoria > or = 4delta between distance and near, astigmatism > or = 1 D, myopia more than -0.75 D, or hyperopia >+1.50 D. Post-hoc analysis of the record cards seeking the reason for further assessment indicates that referrals appear to have been based upon clinical intuition rather than on a set number of borderline or unsatisfactory results.

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“…In addition, stereopsis and cover test revealed that 9.22 and 14.12 per cent of all students, respectively, had abnormal findings (Table 3). Binocular dysfunction can interfere with learning, 21,22 but whether it is implied in the lack of stereopsis, binocular deficiency in co-ordinated fixation remains to be determined.…”

Section: Spherical Equivalentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterising visual deficits in children of an urban elementary school in Taiwan

Cheng

Sun

Lin

et al. 2012

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Purpose:The aim was to screen children from Grades 1 to 6 in an urban elementary school in Central Taiwan for visual deficits and associated parameters and, as an extension, to examine the acceptance of cycloplegic therapy as well as the lag in optimal vision correction. Methods: Of 900 students in one school, 731 participated in the study, with parental consent. Data from 694 students, who had also completed a vision correction history were analysed. In addition to body height and weight, the screening included vision, non-cycloplegic autorefraction and distance retinoscopy, axial length and functional testing.Results: There was a decrease in students with vision of 1.0 or better from 55.8 per cent in Grade 1 to 20.0 per cent in Grade 6. The decreases between Grades 2 and 3 and Grades 5 and 6 were significant. These trends were in general agreement with those based on refractive error and axial length. The students had abnormal functional findings including: stereoscopic vision, 9.2 per cent; cover tests, 14.1 per cent; pupillary responses, 13.8 per cent; and less commonly in extraocular muscular functions (3.0 per cent) and colour vision (5.2 per cent). A full 40 per cent of students received cycloplegic therapy with 25 per cent dropping out for various reasons. These cases were generally associated with lower vision and higher myopia. A lag between subnormal vision and optical correction was also observed with 55.1 per cent apparently not optimally corrected. Other parameters, including body height, weight and body mass index were not correlated with vision or refractive error. Conclusions: Age-dependent increase in the prevalence of myopia appears to continue despite the common practice of topical cycloplegic therapy in Taiwan. Timely correction of the refractive error is also lacking. While maintaining a visual acuity of 1.0 or better for all students at all times is not possible, this lag might be shortened by more frequent screening and/or direct provision of optical aids.

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Effect of Oculomotor and Other Visual Skills on Reading Performance: A Literature Review

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Individual differences in the perceptual span during reading: Evidence from the moving window technique

Individual differences in the perceptual span during reading: Evidence from the moving window technique

Referral rates for a functional vision screening among a large cosmopolitan sample of Australian children

Characterising visual deficits in children of an urban elementary school in Taiwan

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