Effect of obesity on linear growth

Fennoy, Ilene

doi:10.1097/med.0b013e32835b7f15

Cited by 28 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…We have previously demonstrated that this effect is gradual over the whole BMI distribution, such that it is larger in obese children versus overweight children versus non-overweight children 15. Both the nature and magnitude of this observation are in agreement with earlier published studies 16. Suggested mechanisms include the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis, ghrelin and insulin,1 16 and an earlier pubertal spurt 17.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Should children with overweight or obesity be excluded from height references?

et al. 2015

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Both the nature and magnitude of this observation are in agreement with earlier published studies 16. Suggested mechanisms include the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis, ghrelin and insulin,1 16 and an earlier pubertal spurt 17. Final height is usually not affected because overweight children tend to grow less during their teenage years 1…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Should children with overweight or obesity be excluded from height references?

et al. 2015

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“…Pacific Islander adults are not taller than other groups99; it is likely that increased height in these children is due to prematurely accelerated growth caused by increased weight (E. Rush, personal communication) 100. As a result, we were concerned about high weight and high body mass index (BMI).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide variation in human growth and the World Health Organization growth standards: a systematic review

Natale¹,

Rajagopalan²

2014

BMJ Open

209

196

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ObjectiveThe World Health Organization (WHO) has established a set of growth curves for use as international standards in children up to age 5. The WHO's position is that all economically advantaged children who were breastfed as infants grow similarly. As a result, a single set of growth charts can be used to judge growth in any child, regardless of race or ethnicity. The goal of this study was to compare mean heights, weights and head circumferences from a variety of studies with the WHO's data.DesignWe compared data from the WHO's Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) with data from studies performed in 55 countries or ethnic groups.Data sourcesPubMed, WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition, SciELO, Google Scholar, Textbooks and Ministries of Statistics and Public Health.Eligibility criteriaLarge recent studies (1988–2013) of economically advantaged groups, including comparisons with cohorts of breastfed children wherever possible.ResultsHeight varied somewhat among different national and ethnic groups. Means were generally within 0.5 of an SD of the MGRS means. Weight varied more than height, but the low MGRS means were seen as endorsing slenderness in the midst of an obesity epidemic. The mean head circumference varied widely. In many groups, means were consistently 0.5–1 SD above the MGRS mean. Head size in breastfed children at any age examined was far closer to local norms than to the MGRS means.ConclusionsHeight and weight curves may not be optimal fits in all cases. The differences between national or ethnic group head circumference means were large enough that using the WHO charts would put many children at risk for misdiagnosis of macrocephaly or microcephaly. Our findings indicate that the use of a single international standard for head circumference is not justified.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO (# CRD42013003675).

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“…The mechanism for the increased GV in childhood obesity is unknown (35). Some reports suggest that nutrition (36), serum concentrations of growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) (37), leptin (38), and insulin (39) could be involved in this phenomenon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Subnormal Peak-Stimulated Growth Hormone Levels and Auxological Characteristics in Obese Children

2014

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Context: The hypothesis that obese children are overdiagnosed with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has not been adequately investigated in the context of adiposity-related differences in auxology.Aim: To investigate the differences in auxological parameters between short, prepubertal, obese children, and normal-weight peers who underwent growth hormone stimulation testing (GHST).Hypothesis: Over-weight/obese children with GHD [peak growth hormone (GH) < 10 μg/L] will have higher values for growth velocity (GV) standard deviation score (SDS), bone age minus chronological age (BA − CA), and child height SDS minus mid-parental height (MPTH) SDS when compared to normal-weight GHD peers.Subjects and Methods: A retrospective review of anthropometric and provocative GHST data of 67 prepubertal, GH-naïve children of age 10.21 ± 2.56 years (male n = 45, age 10.8 ± 2.60 years; female n = 22, age 8.94 ± 2.10). Inclusion criteria: GHST using arginine and clonidine. Exclusion criteria: hypopituitarism, abnormal pituitary magnetic resonance imaging scan, syndromic obesity, or syndromic short stature. Data were expressed as mean ± SD.Results: The over-weight/obese children with peak GH of <10 μg/L had significantly lower value for natural log (ln) peak GH (1.45 ± 0.09 vs. 1.83 ± 0.35, p = 0.022), but similar values for GV SDS, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, bone age, BA − CA, MPTH, and child height SDS minus MPTH SDS compared to normal-weight peers with GHD. After adjusting for covariates, the over-weight/obese children (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) were >7 times more likely than normal-weight subjects (BMI < 85th percentile) to have a peak GH of <10 μg/L, and 23 times more likely to have a peak GH of <7 μg/L (OR = 23.3, p = 0.021). There was a significant inverse relationships between BMI SDS and the ln of peak GH (β = −0.40, r2 = 0.26, p = 0.001), but not for BMI SDS vs. GV SDS, ln peak GH vs. BA, or ln peak GH vs. GV SDS.Conclusion: Subnormal peak GH levels in obese prepubertal children are not associated with unique pre-GHST auxological characteristics.

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Effect of obesity on linear growth

Cited by 28 publications

References 72 publications

Should children with overweight or obesity be excluded from height references?

Should children with overweight or obesity be excluded from height references?

Worldwide variation in human growth and the World Health Organization growth standards: a systematic review

The Relationship between Subnormal Peak-Stimulated Growth Hormone Levels and Auxological Characteristics in Obese Children

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