Effect of nutrient intake on the development of the somatotropic axis and its responsiveness to GH in Holstein bull calves1

Smith, Jessica Scillieri; Amburgh, M.E. Van; Diaz, Marianne; Lucy, M. C.; Bauman, Dale E.

doi:10.2527/2002.8061528x

Cited by 87 publications

(93 citation statements)

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“…Consistent with this conclusion, we demonstrated in the current experiment that elevated plane of nutrition had few effects on transcript abundance in the mammary gland. This was the case even for IGF-I, a gene we previously demonstrated to respond dynamically to nutrition in the liver of growing cattle (Smith et al 2002). This lack of effect is consistent with the data of Weber et al (2000) who observed similar IGF-I mRNA abundance in the parenchyma of prepubertal heifers growing 0 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Ontogenic and nutritional regulation of steroid receptor and IGF-I transcript abundance in the prepubertal heifer mammary gland

Meyer

Rhoads

Capuco³

et al. 2007

Journal of Endocrinology

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In prepubertal cattle, mammary development is characterized by the growth of an epithelial-rich parenchyma (PAR) into the mammary fat pad (MFP). This proliferation and accumulation of mammary epithelial cells require estrogen. Paradoxically, both epithelial cell proliferation and PAR accumulation rate decline with rising plasma estrogen as puberty approaches. The possibility that variation in abundance of estrogen receptors (ERs) in PAR or MFP accounts for a portion of these effects has not been examined in cattle. Additionally, we recently demonstrated that MFP is highly responsive to exogenous estrogen, suggesting that this tissue may play a role in coordinating estrogen's effects on PAR; however, the developing bovine MFP has yet to be studied in detail. To address these hypotheses, Holstein heifers were assigned to planes of nutrition supporting body growth rates of 950 (E) or 650 (R) g/day and harvested every 50 kg from 100 to 350 kg body weight (BW). Post-harvest, their mammary glands were dissected into PAR and MFP compartments. Transcript abundance of genes encoding members of the ER family (ERa, ERb, and estrogen-related receptor a-1 (ERRa)) and estrogen-responsive genes (IGF-I and progesterone receptor (PR)) were measured in both mammary compartments by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Significant expression was detected for all genes in both compartments, with the exception of the ERb gene. Transcript abundance of both ERa and IGF-I decreased linearly with increasing BW within both compartments. ERRa and PR expressions decreased with increasing BW in PAR but not in MFP. Nutrition stimulated ERa and ERRa expression in the PAR but had no effect on IGF-I or PR in either PAR or MFP. Overall, ERa and IGF-I transcript abundance are consistent with the drop in mammary epithelial cell proliferation and PAR accretion observed over development, but do not support a negative effect of nutrition on PAR growth.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Ontogenic and nutritional regulation of steroid receptor and IGF-I transcript abundance in the prepubertal heifer mammary gland

Meyer

Rhoads

Capuco³

et al. 2007

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…There was a positive influence of IGF1 on both weight and ADG, confirming results of an earlier study (Brickell et al, 2009b). IGF1 production is in part controlled by nutrient intake and IGF1 is a known regulator of muscle development (Bass et al, 1999;Smith et al, 2002). IgG at recruitment also had a small positive effect on growth, implying that calves benefited from a high initial intake of CI for parameter estimate: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

Analysis of pre-weaning feeding policies and other risk factors influencing growth rates in calves on 11 commercial dairy farms

Johnson

Chancellor

Burn

et al. 2018

Animal

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Growth rates in pre-weaned calves influence their health, age at first calving and lifetime productivity. Many farms restrict milk rations to encourage solid feed intake and facilitate early weaning, but this can compromise growth. This study determined the milk feeding policies and associated growth rates on 11 commercial dairy farms in South East England, each following their normal management regime. Between 26 and 54 heifers were recruited per farm, providing a final cohort of 492, of which 71% were pure Holstein. Information on calf rearing practices (feeding, weaning, housing) and health was collected via questionnaires and weekly observations. Estimates of actual milk fed (kg solids) between 1 and 63 days were calculated for individual calves. Morphometric data (weight, height, length) were taken at weeks 1, 5 and 9 and at a median age of 7.5 months and growth rates were calculated. Most calves were fed milk replacer via automated feeders (four farms), teat feeder (one) or buckets (four) whereas two farms provided drums of acidified waste milk. Farms fed between 4 and 6 l/day of milk at mixing rates of 10% to 15%, providing 400 to 900 g/day of milk solids. Both skeletal growth rates and average daily weight gain (ADG) increased in the second month of life compared with the first: height growth from 0.17 ± 0.14 to 0.25 ± 0.16 cm/day and ADG from 0.48 ± 0.25 to 0.71 ± 0.28 kg/day. Post-weaning heifers up to 7.5 months had height increases of 0.16 ± 0.035 cm/day and ADG of 0.83 ± 0.16 kg/day. From 1 to 63 days 70% of calves had growth rates <0.7 kg/day and of these 19.6% gained <0.5 kg/day. Mean ADG before 9 weeks varied between farms from 0.52 ± 0.30 to 0.75 ± 0.20 kg/day. This was related to the amount of milk fed at both a farm and individual calf level. Increasing the total milk solids fed between 1 and 63 days from 20.4 to 46.3 kg (the 10 th to 90 th percentile observed) was associated with an increase of 0.11 kg/day ADG. All farms had a wide variation in growth rates despite single feeding policies. Higher circulating immunoglobulin G and IGF1 concentrations were associated with better growth, whereas low temperatures in month of birth, high scores for diarrhoea, respiratory and umbilical disease and large birth size reduced growth. Many commercially grown dairy heifers therefore experienced growth restriction in the pre-weaned period, potentially reducing their health, welfare and productivity.

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“…Growth hormone treatment up-regulates hepatic growth hormone binding sites in sheep, but not in lambs (Sauerwein et al 1991, Min et al 1999. Although growth hormone stimulated hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels up to day 14 in our study, plasma concentrations of IGF-I in the GH group did not increase before day 42 in our study, as is known for cattle (Elsasser et al 1989, Holzer et al 2000, Smith et al 2002. Because hepatic IGF-I is the main source for circulating IGF-I in cattle (Pfaffl et al 1998, Cordano et al 2000, it may take some time before the mature IGF-I peptide is delivered to the circulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

The response of the hepatic insulin-like growth factor system to growth hormone and dexamethasone in calves

Hammon¹,

Zbinden²,

Sauerwein³

et al. 2003

Journal of Endocrinology

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Glucocorticoids inhibit postnatal growth and yet can stimulate the somatotropic axis around birth. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dexamethasone on the somatotropic axis and on the responses of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system to growth hormone treatment in calves. Calves (n=24) were randomly divided into four groups. Group DX was injected with dexamethasone (30 µg/kg body weight per day), group GH was injected with 500 mg slow-release bovine growth hormone at 14-day intervals, group GHDX was injected with dexamethasone and bovine growth hormone, and group CNTRL (serving as control) was injected with saline from day 3 to day 42 of life. Blood samples were taken on day 3 and blood and liver samples were obtained on days 7, 14, 28 and 42. Body weight increased in the CNTRL and GH groups up to the end of the study and in the DX and GHDX groups up to the fourth week. Dexamethasone treatment decreased (P,0·05) plasma IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-1 on days 7 and 14, but increased (P,0·05) plasma IGFBP-1, decreased (P,0·05) plasma IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and decreased hepatic mRNA for growth hormone receptor (GHR) and IGF-I on day 42. Growth hormone treatment increased (P,0·05) plasma growth hormone concentrations on days 7 and 14, tended to increase (P,0·1) plasma IGF-I concentrations on day 42, and increased (P,0·05) hepatic mRNA levels of GHR on day 14 and IGF-I mRNA levels on days 7 and 14. The combined dexamethasone and growth hormone treatment increased plasma growth hormone concentrations on day 7 and resulted in the highest plasma concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 (day 7 to day 28) as well as the greatest abundance of hepatic GHR (day 14) and IGF-I (days 7 and 14) mRNA. Plasma IGFBP-1 concentrations in the GHDX group behaved in a similar manner as in the DX group. In conclusion, the response of the somatotropic axis to growth hormone treatment could be greatly enhanced by dexamethasone treatment during the neonatal and early postnatal period, but body weight gain was not improved. Dexamethasone alone inhibited the somatotropic axis and postnatal growth after the first month of life.

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Effect of nutrient intake on the development of the somatotropic axis and its responsiveness to GH in Holstein bull calves1

Cited by 87 publications

References 0 publications

Ontogenic and nutritional regulation of steroid receptor and IGF-I transcript abundance in the prepubertal heifer mammary gland

Ontogenic and nutritional regulation of steroid receptor and IGF-I transcript abundance in the prepubertal heifer mammary gland

Analysis of pre-weaning feeding policies and other risk factors influencing growth rates in calves on 11 commercial dairy farms

The response of the hepatic insulin-like growth factor system to growth hormone and dexamethasone in calves

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