Effect of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (NTP) and Zirconia Primer Treatment on Shear Bond Strength between Y-TZP and Resin Cement

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTP) treatment on the sandblasting of mechanical method and zirconia primer of chemical method used to increase the bond strength between zirconia and resin cement. In this study, Y-TZP was divided into 4 groups according to the surface treatment methods as follows: Zirconia primer (Pr), NTP + Zirconia primer (NTP + Pr), Sandblasting + Zirconia primer (Sb + Pr), Sandblasting + NTP + Zirconia primer (Sb + NTP + Pr). Then, two types of resin cement (G-CEM LinkAce and Rely X-U200) were used to measure the shear bond strength (SBS) and they were divided into non-thermal cycling group and thermal cycling group for aging effect. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. The result of the surface energy (SE), there was no significant difference among the groups (p > 0.05). As a result of the SBS test, the Sb + Pr group had a significantly higher SBS value than the other groups regardless of the resin cement type (p < 0.05), and the decrease rate after thermal cycling treatment was the lowest. On the other hand, the NTP + Pr group showed significantly lower SBS values than the other groups except for the case of using Rely X-U200 (p < 0.05), and the reduction rate after thermal cycling was the highest. The Sb + NTP + Pr group did not differ significantly from the Pr group (p > 0.05). Within the limitations of two successive studies, treatment with NTP after sandblasting used for mechanical bond strength showed a positive effect on initial SBS. However, when NTP was treated before the zirconia primer used for the chemical bond strength, it showed a negative effect on SBS compared to other treatment methods, which was noticeable after the thermal cycling treatment.

Adhesion to Zirconia: A Systematic Review of Surface Pretreatments and Resin Cements

“…Although several studies did not mention this step, they may have done it too. Ultrasonic cleaning before surface conditioning or the resin cement is also widely used [ 32 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. Likewise, several solutions were used, including distilled water, alcohol, acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol, with a usage time between 1 and 10 min.…”

“…Sandblasting with alumina particles improved the bond strength values due to the increase in surface energy, wettability, roughness, and the appearance of hydroxyl groups that will facilitate bonding with the primer/universal adhesive/cement [ 34 , 38 , 41 , 43 , 48 ]. The particle size used ranged from 30 to 110 µm, at 0.5–4 bar for 10–20 mm [ 30 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ]. An increase in particle size and pressure had long been associated with the formation of microcracks and weakening the mechanical properties of the material [ 35 , 39 , 41 , 49 , 58 ,…”

“…Recently, plasma has been introduced as zirconia surface pretreatment to increase the surface energy and optimize the chemical surfaces of the substrates without affecting its structural properties. However, the application of oxygen or argon plasma did not obtain good adhesion values after artificial aging, which added to the appearance of impurities on the surface of the zirconia, indicated its susceptibility to hydrolytic degradation [ 49 , 55 , 71 ].…”

“…Most of these universal adhesives contain 10-MDP at different concentrations and have been the most studied products in the last five years. It has been reported that the application of a universal adhesive with 10-MDP increased adhesion to zirconia after sandblasting [ 34 , 38 , 45 , 49 , 50 , 55 , 69 ] and has even been proposed to replace mechanical conditioning and the application of a primer [ 38 , 57 ]. The photopolymerization or not of the adhesive before the application of cement had no relevance on adhesion [ 76 ].…”

Influence of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment on Retentive Strength between Zirconia Crown and Titanium Implant Abutment

“…Several articles have reported the effect of NTP on shear bond strength or microtensile bond strength between zirconia and resin cement [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. However, there is currently no study on the RS between NTP-treated zirconia crown and titanium implant abutment through resin cement.…”