“…With the reciprocating propagation, reflection, and superposition of pressure waves, long-duration and large-amplitude pressure fluctuations are generated inside tunnels and act on the tunnel and train surface, producing alternating loads. It affects the crack initiation and propagation in the structure [1]; causes high-cycle fatigue damage to train structures [2,3], tunnel structures [4][5][6], and pressure-bearing tunnel facilities (including fire doors, control boxes, signal lights, etc.) [3,7,8]; and leads to vibration discomfort for passengers [9], threatening the safety of transportation systems [10,11].…”