Effect of non-absorbent intravaginal menstrual/contraceptive products on Staphylococcus aureus and production of the superantigen TSST-1

Schlievert, Patrick M.

doi:10.1007/s10096-019-03685-x

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Additionally, both the Tampax Cup and the Other Cup showed significantly lower TSST-1 concentrations than the medium control and the currently marketed competitor tampon control. 57 These data support the conclusion that the Tampax Menstrual Cup did not increase the growth of S. aureus and TSST-1 toxin production in vitro when compared to currently marketed products.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

“…The applied methodology follows that originally described by Schlievert and Blomster, 56 with further details on its application to assess intravaginal menstrual and contraceptive products provided by Schlievert. 57 In brief, the method includes exposing the test article to cultures of 10 7 S. aureus /mL of Todd Hewitt broth. After 18 h, the supernatants, which will contain any TSST-1 produced, are collected and serially diluted.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Safety assessment scheme for menstrual cups and application for the evaluation of a menstrual cup comprised of medical grade silicone

Sica¹,

Friberg²,

Teufel³

et al. 2022

eBioMedicine

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety assessment scheme for menstrual cups and application for the evaluation of a menstrual cup comprised of medical grade silicone

Sica¹,

Friberg²,

Teufel³

et al. 2022

eBioMedicine

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“…Three previous in vitro studies have compared bacterial growth in menstrual products [21][22][23]. Nonfoux et al suggested that menstrual cups could have a similar risk as tampons in causing mTSS, based on a laboratory experiment of S. aureus growth and TSST-1 production using the tampon sac method [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the Nonfoux et al study does not fully quantitate the impact of menstrual cups on S. aureus growth and TSST-1 production in comparison to tampons. Schlievert performed a similar analysis of S. aureus growth with three methods: stationary incubation, incubation with shaking, or the tampon sac method (designed to mimic the vagina) [23]. In the tampon sac method, a bag (dialysis tubing) containing the period product was filled with growth medium and an S. aureus inoculum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Study to Assess Effective Cleaning Techniques for Removing Staphylococcus aureus from Menstrual Cups

Wunsch¹,

Green

Adam³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: We sought to determine the effectiveness of common cleaning procedures in eliminating S. aureus from silicone menstrual cups. Methods: In this in vitro study, we tested four cleaning techniques: (1) cold water; (2) cold water and liquid soap; (3) cold water followed by steeping the cup in boiled water for 5 min in a ceramic mug covered with a small plate; and (4) cold water and soap followed by steeping the cup in boiled water as in (3). Human blood was coated to the inner and outer surface of each cup, dried, and incubated with 106 S. aureus colony-forming units (CFU/mL). All tests were performed in triplicate. Viable bacterial abundance was measured with decadic dilution and drop plate or surface plating. Results: Bacteria were most effectively eliminated by cleaning cups with soap and water and then steeping in boiled water (0 CFU/cup vs. 2.075 × 108/cup no cleaning, p = 0.005). This was not statistically significantly different from washing cups with water only and steeping 5 min in boiled water (14 CFU/cup). Raised lettering on the outer surface of the menstrual cups resulted in more bacterial recovery from pieces with lettering than without lettering. Conclusions: These results advance knowledge of between-period menstrual cup cleaning recommendations, suggesting that the logistical challenges of continuous boiling may be eliminated with steeping at least 5 min.

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“…pH 6.5–7.0), a condition which is frequently reported in diseased-state vagina [ 135 ]. Multiple studies have shown that usage of menstrual cups, tampons, and contraceptive diaphragms can disrupt Lactobacillus -dominated vaginal microbiota and enhance the growth of S. aureus and production of TSST-1 [ 136 – 138 ]. The over-production of TSST-1 can lead to severe complications such as organ failure, systemic inflammation, and death in women [ 139 ].…”

Section: Indigenous Vaginal Microbiota In Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health

2020

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Human vagina is colonised by a diverse array of microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota and mycobiota. Lactobacillus is the most frequently isolated microorganism from the healthy human vagina, this includes Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus iners, and Lactobacillus jensenii. These vaginal lactobacilli have been touted to prevent invasion of pathogens by keeping their population in check. However, the disruption of vaginal ecosystem contributes to the overgrowth of pathogens which causes complicated vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Predisposing factors such as menses, pregnancy, sexual practice, uncontrolled usage of antibiotics, and vaginal douching can alter the microbial community. Therefore, the composition of vaginal microbiota serves an important role in determining vagina health. Owing to their Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) status, lactobacilli have been widely utilised as one of the alternatives besides conventional antimicrobial treatment against vaginal pathogens for the prevention of chronic vaginitis and the restoration of vaginal ecosystem. In addition, the effectiveness of Lactobacillus as prophylaxis has also been well-founded in long-term administration. This review aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of lactobacilli derivatives (i.e. surface-active molecules) with anti-biofilm, antioxidant, pathogen-inhibition, and immunomodulation activities in developing remedies for vaginal infections. We also discuss the current challenges in the implementation of the use of lactobacilli derivatives in promotion of human health. In the current review, we intend to provide insights for the development of lactobacilli derivatives as a complementary or alternative medicine to conventional probiotic therapy in vaginal health.

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Effect of non-absorbent intravaginal menstrual/contraceptive products on Staphylococcus aureus and production of the superantigen TSST-1

Cited by 11 publications

References 32 publications

Safety assessment scheme for menstrual cups and application for the evaluation of a menstrual cup comprised of medical grade silicone

Safety assessment scheme for menstrual cups and application for the evaluation of a menstrual cup comprised of medical grade silicone

In Vitro Study to Assess Effective Cleaning Techniques for Removing Staphylococcus aureus from Menstrual Cups

Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health

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