Effect of nodal position and season on in vitro shoot proliferation in aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.).

Advances in biotechnology of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. syn. Phyllanthus emblica L.: a nutraceuticals-rich fruit tree with multifaceted ethnomedicinal uses

“…A number of explants such as nodal segments, shoots, hypocotyls, epicotyls, embryo, root–shoot node, and leaf have been used by researchers for both direct and indirect regeneration in E. officinalis (Table 3 ). Nodal segment and shoots are generally used for direct organogenesis (Verma and Kant 1999 ; Mishra and Pathak 2001 ; Mishra et al 2006 ; Goyal and Bhadauria 2008 ; Patidar et al 2010 ). Preferably, the 10–15th nodal segment portion was taken as they gave better response than the young nodal segment because they cannot withstand the disinfection process and older segment showed lower response because of mature tissues (Mishra and Pathak 2001 ).…”

“…Nodal segment and shoots are generally used for direct organogenesis (Verma and Kant 1999 ; Mishra and Pathak 2001 ; Mishra et al 2006 ; Goyal and Bhadauria 2008 ; Patidar et al 2010 ). Preferably, the 10–15th nodal segment portion was taken as they gave better response than the young nodal segment because they cannot withstand the disinfection process and older segment showed lower response because of mature tissues (Mishra and Pathak 2001 ). For indirect organogenesis via callus formation, cotyledons, hypocotyls, epicotyls, embryo, and leaf are being used (Sehgal and Khurana 1985 ; Gupta et al 1994 ; Verma and Kant 1999 ; Al-Sabah et al 2012 ; Priyanka et al 2014 ; Thilaga et al 2013 ; Priyanka and Singh 2015 ).…”

“…It also provides vitamins and other organic components required for the growth and development of plants. Almost all researchers have used Murashige and Skoog (MS) (Murashige and Skoog 1962 ) medium for various experiments in E. officinalis (Sehgal and Khurana 1985 ; Gupta et al 1994 ; Verma and Kant 1999 ; Mishra and Pathak 2001 ; Mishra et al 2006 ; Goyal and Bhadauria 2008 ; Gour and Kant 2009 ; Patidar et al 2010 ; Nayak et al 2010 ; Al-Sabah et al 2012 ; Madharia and Dutta 2012 ; Priyanka et al 2014 ; Thilaga et al 2013 ; Priyanka and Singh 2015 ). Many have reported that half-strength MS medium was effective for rooting in E. officinalis (Verma and Kant 1999 ; Mishra et al 2006 ; Gour and Kant 2009 ; Nayak et al 2010 ; Al-Sabah et al 2012 ).…”

“…Sucrose was commonly used as the carbon source in the nutrient medium but the concentration may vary. Generally, 3% ( w/v ) sucrose was used by most of the researchers (Mishra and Pathak 2001 ; Mishra et al 2006 ; Patidar et al 2010 ; Nayak et al 2010 ; Thilaga et al 2013 ; Priyanka and Singh 2015 ). For two instances, 2% or even as low as 1.5% sucrose was used for in vitro regeneration of multiple shoots (Sehgal and Khurana 1985 ; Al-Sabah et al 2012 ).…”

“…Temperature plays a vital role in the metabolic activities of the cells. For in vitro regeneration of E. officinalis , the temperature was maintained at 25 ± 2 °C as cited in most of the reports (Sehgal and Khurana 1985 ; Mishra and Pathak 2001 ; Goyal and Bhadauria 2008 ; Patidar et al 2010 ; Nayak et al 2010 ; Al-Sabah et al 2012 ; Priyanka et al 2014 ; Thilaga et al 2013 ; Priyanka and Singh 2015 ). However, maintenance of in vitro cultures at a temperature of as high as 28 ± 2 °C was also reported (Gupta et al 1994 ).…”