“…One option to ensure cost-effective production of antibodies is the use of a plant expression system without pathogenic animal contaminants, high-priced manufacturing process, and expensive culture media [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. The advantages of plant expression systems include inexpensive inputs (sunlight, water, and nutrients), the ease of large-scale production by increasing the area located in the seed, and low technology harvest compared with mammalian expression systems [ 22 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Moreover, plant expression systems are suitable for post-translational modifications of proteins, including the N -glycosylation required for biological activity, similar to mammalian expression systems [ 25 , 28 , 30 , 31 ].…”