Effect of night-time temperatures on cause and age-specific mortality in London

Murage, Peninah; Hajat, Shakoor; Kovats, Sari

doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000005

Cited by 132 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The nighttime bluespace warming and humidification exacerbate the existing urban thermal discomfort at the dense urban core close to the shore by 4.2°C in the hottest month with annual average warming by 3.5±1.2°C. This magnitude can be influential as strong evidence has been established between hot nighttime temperatures and mortality (Murage et al 2017). We show for the first time that, remarkably, the degree of bluespace warming depends upon the amount of vegetation at the city scale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Greenspace, bluespace, and their interactive influence on urban thermal environments

2020

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Urban land use land cover (LULC) change raises ambient temperature and modifies atmospheric moisture, which increases heat-related health risks in cities. Greenspace and bluespace commonly coexist in urban landscapes and are nature-based heat mitigation strategies. Yet, their interactive effects on urban thermal environments are rarely assessed and it remains unclear how extreme heat events (EHEs) affect their ability to regulate human thermal comfort. Using multi-year observations from a dense urban observational network in Madison, WI, we found that green and blue spaces jointly modify the intraurban spatiotemporal variability of temperature and humidity, and the resultant effects on thermal comfort show diurnal and seasonal asymmetry. Greenspace is more effective at cooling throughout the year, particularly at night. Accelerated cooling efficiency is found in areas with dominant greenspace coverage and little co-influence from bluespace. The thermal comfort benefit due to greenspaces can be offset by bluespaces because of intensified nighttime warming and humidifying effects during the warm months, although a weak daytime cooling of bluespace is observed. EHEs enhance bluespace cooling, but the overall joint thermal regulation remains the same due to the enhanced moisture effect. Our findings suggest that diverse outcomes of green and blue spaces cross multiple temporal scales should be holistically assessed in urban planning. The analysis framework based on generalized additive models is robust and transferable to other cities and applications to disentangle the nonlinear co-influences of different drivers of urban environmental phenomena.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Greenspace, bluespace, and their interactive influence on urban thermal environments

2020

Environ. Res. Lett.

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“…Apart from the more commonly analyzed daytime influence of high temperatures, nighttime extremes have also been referred as causing an additional burden to health (Murage et al 2017) and the environment (Miralles et al 2014, Gouveia et al 2016. Here, and despite the stronger relationship found between drought condictions and daytime extreme events, the nightime influence is not negligible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The synergy between drought and extremely hot summers in the Mediterranean

Russo

Gouveia

Dutra

et al. 2019

Environ. Res. Lett.

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In the last years a large number of weather driven extreme events has occurred worldwide with unprecedented socio-economic impacts and are expected to increase, in both frequency and intensity, under future global-warming conditions. In this context early identification and predictability of such events are paramount as they mostly affect several socio-economic activities. Despite the effort in monitoring and evaluation of these extreme events, a quantitative assessment of their interaction is still a challenge. We propose to analyze if the occurrence of extremely hot days/nights in the summer is preceded by drought events in spring and early summer throughout the Mediterranean area. This was investigated by correlating the number of hot days and nights in the regions hottest months with a drought indicator on the prior months. Drought characterization was performed using both the Standardized Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI) and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for the 3-, 6-and 9-months time scales, considering the period 1980-2014 with a spatial resolution of 0.5°. The number of hot days and nights per month (NHD and NHN, respectively) is determined for the same period and spatial resolution. Results show that the most frequent hottest months for the Mediterranean region occur in July and August. Most regions exhibit statistically significant negative correlations, i.e. high (low) NHD/NHN following negative (positive) SPEI/SPI values, and thus a potential for NHD/ NHN early warning. This analysis allowed to identify the Iberian Peninsula, northern Italy, northern Africa and the Balkans as the main hotspots of predictability of extreme hot temperatures in the summer preceded by the occurrence of drought events in the spring or early summer.

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“…The data from this site has already been used in previous studies, and was shown to be suitable to represent city-wide air temperature conditions [7,46]. We used T mean , as it was shown to be more suitable than, or at least as good as, the daily maximum or minimum air temperature in order to describe heat-related mortality in cities [8,46,[48][49][50][51]. No significant temporal long-term trend in T mean could be observed during the study period.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Coupling of Heat and Ozone Events and Their Relation to Mortality Rates in Berlin, Germany, between 2000 and 2014

et al. 2019

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Episodes of hot weather and poor air quality pose significant consequences for public health. In this study, these episodes are addressed by applying the observational data of daily air temperature and ozone concentrations in an event-based risk assessment approach in order to detect individual heat and ozone events, as well as events of their co-occurrence in Berlin, Germany, in the years 2000 to 2014. Various threshold values are explored so as to identify these events and to search for the appropriate regressions between the threshold exceedances and mortality rates. The events are further analyzed in terms of their event-specific mortality rates and their temporal occurrences. The results reveal that at least 40% of all heat events during the study period are accompanied by increased ozone concentrations in Berlin, particularly the most intense and longest heat events. While ozone events alone are only weakly associated with increased mortality rates, elevated ozone concentrations during heat events are found to amplify mortality rates. We conclude that elevated air temperatures during heat events are one major driver for increased mortality rates in Berlin, but simultaneously occurring elevated ozone concentrations act as an additional stressor, leading to an increased risk for the regional population. ozone concentrations [17,21,22]. However, studies focusing on the relation between both stressors themselves, as well as their combined effect on human health, also reveal inconsistent results for different regions or their relative effect-contribution [13,17,23]. A comparison of 25 Italian cities revealed a strong effect modification by ozone concentrations to the air temperature-mortality association only in some cities, whereas other cities showed no effect modification [21]. Similar results were found in a Europe-wide study. However, they found no evidence for an effect modification when heat waves were considered instead of air temperature for any of the cities where the study was carried out [22]. Other investigations could not even find any interaction or confounding between air temperature and ozone to affect all-cause mortality [24,25]. Inconsistencies in the results are mainly attributed to the local-specific characteristics of the city under investigation (e.g., [21][22][23]). This underlines the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms between these environmental stressors and their resulting health effects.Physically, both health stressors are closely linked to each other, but the nature of the relationship between air temperature and ozone is highly complex and depends on a number of variables. The formation of ozone as a secondary pollutant is driven by the photochemical oxidation of precursors like volatile organic carbons, methane, and carbon monoxide [26][27][28]. Strong ozone forming can be observed during days of warm, cloud-free, and calm conditions [29][30][31]. Persistent atmospheric conditions of low winds speeds accompanied by high air temperature may enhance the accumulation ...

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Effect of night-time temperatures on cause and age-specific mortality in London

Cited by 132 publications

References 48 publications

Greenspace, bluespace, and their interactive influence on urban thermal environments

Greenspace, bluespace, and their interactive influence on urban thermal environments

The synergy between drought and extremely hot summers in the Mediterranean

Occurrence and Coupling of Heat and Ozone Events and Their Relation to Mortality Rates in Berlin, Germany, between 2000 and 2014

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