Effect of nickel loading on fuel production via heterogeneously catalyzed oligomerization of methanol‐based olefins

(Co‐)Oligomerization of Olefins to Hydrocarbon Fuels: Influence of Feed Composition and Pressure

“…In the case of the co‐oligomerizations, addition of ethylene reduces the proportion of C 6 isomers. This is due to nickel‐catalyzed oligomerization of ethylene, which produces mainly linear molecules 17, 32, 43. The formation of linear hexenes is also related to the formation of unbranched C 10 or C 12 hydrocarbons, which can be formed by co‐oligomerization of linear hexene with 1‐butylene or dimerization.…”

“…Concerning heterogeneous catalysts, in particular zeolites such as ZSM-5 are employed [23][24][25][26]. Furthermore, ion exchange resins, metal-organic frameworks and amorphous, mesoporous silica-alumina support materials were investigated [14,17,[27][28][29][30]. Microporous zeolites rapidly deactivate by pore blockage caused by the formation of higher oligomers on Brønsted sites [31].…”

“…In contrast, higher olefins like propylene or butylenes can form secondary or tertiary carbenium ions at Brønsted acid sites enabling the chain growth [14][15][16]. Consequently, Brønsted acid sites are crucial for catalytic activity and transition metals are not required [17]. In general, research on oligomerization reactions mostly focuses on the preparation of linear molecules, e.g., for synthetic lubricants, and often, homogeneous metal catalysts or ionic salts are employed [18][19][20][21][22].…”