Effect of Nibbling Versus Gorging on Glucose Tolerance

Gwinup, Grant; Roush, William H.; Byron, RichardC.; Kruger, Fred A.; Hamwi, George J.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(63)92801-0

Cited by 70 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In one study of geese prone to fatty liver large meals evoked greater glucose and insulin responses than small meals consumed in the same amount of time. 32 Based on the present ®ndings and experimental 33 and clinical evidence, 11,13,15 we propose that enhanced and rapid glucose absorption, mediated by a brisk insulin response via cephalic phase release, 34 an incretin effect 35,36 and rapid intestinal handling, 37,38 causes fatty in®ltration of the liver via glucose toxicity. 39 ± 41 Patients with`early NIDDM' have increased rates of gastric emptying according to one study, 42 while others have demonstrated correlations between gastric emptying and serum glucose and insulin in normal subjects and patients with NIDDM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…In fact, none of the studies of meal frequency have analyzed the intra-meal rate of ingestion. Indeed, the dictionary de®nition of`gorging' involves both speed (`swallow with greediness') and amount or volume (`in large quantities'), though scienti®c papers using the term refer to both the number of meals 10,11,14 and the rate of ingestion. 12,15 Although eating rate differs between sexes, and between the lean and obese, 18 it has not been investigated in relation to body fat distribution or metabolic abnormalities associated with fat distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic correlates of eating behavior in severe obesity

et al. 2001

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BACKGROUND:The bene®t of spreading energy intake over many small meals (`nibbling') rather than few large ones (`gorging') for control of blood glucose, serum lipids and body fat accretion has been known for 60 y, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Men exhibit more of a gorging eating pattern than women and are also more prone to the metabolic complications of obesity, as are women with a`male', central distribution of adipose tissue. We have shown correlations between central fat distribution, and other components of the metabolic`Syndrome X' and fatty in®ltration of the liver. Here we study relationships between eating rate and fat distribution and test the hypothesis that gorging might be associated with fatty liver. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:In 30 non-alcoholic, non-diabetic, severely obese women (body mass index, BMI 47 AE 1 kgam 2 ; mean AE s.e.m.) with a mean age of 36 AE 1 y and 16 men (BMI: 52 AE 3) age 38 AE 2 y, who were candidates for anti-obesity surgery, we measured eating rate using an eating monitor, and fat distribution by the waist ± hip circumference ratio (WHR). In addition in the 17 women and 11 men who had surgery, serum lipids were analyzed and routine liver biopsies were evaluated for steatosis by a pathologist blinded to the conditions of the study. RESULTS: Men ate signi®cantly faster than women (188 AE 28 vs 123 AE 9 gamin; P`0.01), and had more liver fat (score: 2.7 AE 03 vs 1.5 AE 0.3; P`0.01), with no statistically signi®cant sex differences in s-cholesterol or s-triglycerides. Eating rate correlated with WHR (r 0.46; P`0.01, n 46), liver fat (r 0.55; P`0.01), and s-triglycerides (r 0.42; P`0.05) adjusting for sex. Liver fat correlated with WHR (r 0.50; P`0.05), s-triglycerides (r 0.70; P`0.01) and s-cholesterol (r 0.50; P`0.05), while there were no signi®cant correlations with BMI or body weight. In multivariate analysis eating rate (32%), meal size (8%) and WHR (6%) contributed 46% of the variance in liver fat. CONCLUSION: We showed increased eating rates in severely obese men and women with central fat distribution. Furthermore, increased eating rates were associated with fatty liver and elevated serum lipids. Eating rate in severely obese women and men may be a determinant of the metabolic syndrome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic correlates of eating behavior in severe obesity

et al. 2001

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“…The closeness of one meal to the next determines the glycemic response to the second meal: the closer the meals are, the smoother the glycaemic responses (the Staub effect, Gwinup et al, 1963). The second-meal phenomenon has also been observed with viscous fibre.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies 30 y later showed that normal and diabetic volunteers when shifting an ordinary (Ord) regimen of three meals to a daily isocaloric nibbling (Nib) diet of 10 meals, improved their glucose tolerance (Gwinup et al, 1963).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of meal frequency and high-fibre rye-bread diet on glucose and lipid metabolism and ileal excretion of energy and sterols in ileostomy subjects

et al. 2004

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Objective: To investigate the effect of a rye, high-fibre diet (HFD) vs a wheat, low-fibre diet (LFD), meal frequency, nibbling (Nib, seven times a day) or ordinary (Ord, three times a day), and their combined effects on blood glucose, insulin, lipids, urinary C-peptide and ileal excretion of energy, cholesterol and bile acids in humans. Design: LFD period with Nib or Ord meal frequency followed by an HFD diet with Nib or Ord meal frequency in randomized, crossover design. Setting: Outpatients of ileostomy volunteers were called for an investigation in research word. Subjects: A total of 10 subjects (two female subjects, age 34 and 51 y; eight males, mean age 54.4 y, range 43-65 y) participated in the experiment. All subjects were proctocolectomized for ulcerative colitis (mean 16.0 y, range 8-29 y before the study). Intervention: In total, 10 ileostomy subjects started with LFD for 2 weeks, the first week on either Nib (five subjects) or Ord (five subjects) and the second week on the other meal frequencies, in a crossover design, followed by a wash-out week, and continued with HFD period for 2 weeks in the same meal frequency manner. All foods consumed in both Nib or Ord regimens were identical and a high-fibre rye bread was used in the HFD period and a low-fibre wheat bread in the LFD period. Main outcome measures: Day-profiles of blood glucose, insulin and lipids, blood lipids before and after dietary intervention, and excretion of steroids in the effluents and C-peptide in the urine. Results: During the Nib regimen, plasma glucose and insulin peaks were lower at the end of the day with HFD compared with LFD. Urinary C-peptide excretion was significantly higher in the day-time on LFD compared with HFD (LFD-Ord vs HFD-Ord, Po0.01; LFD-Nib vs HFD-Nib, Po0.01). Plasma free-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were significantly higher (Po0.05) after LFD than after HFD with the Nib regimen. A higher excretion of energy (Po0.05) and chenodeoxycholic acid (Po0.05) were observed with HFD compared with LFD regardless of meal frequency. A higher daily excretion of cholic acid, total bile acids, cholesterol, net cholesterol and net sterols (Po0.05) was observed on HFD compared with LFD with the Nib regimen. Conclusions: An HFD decreased insulin secretion measured as a decreased excretion of C-peptide in urine and as decreased plasma insulin peaks at the end of the day during a Nib regimen. The smoother glycaemic responses at the end of the day during a Nib regimen may be a consequence of a second meal phenomenon, possibly related to the nature of dietary fibre complex. Contributors: EAL and JXZ were responsible for the study design, conducting the dietary intervention, completing the statistical analysis and writing the paper. PT was responsible for the study design and conducting the dietary intervention of the study. DL was involved in the advisory of writing the paper and the analysis of the blood lipids. PÅ was involved in the concept and planning, and the analysis of the nutrients in the...

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“…Comparing rats trained to gorge with normal nibbling rats has revealed Received for publication 9 August 1971 and in revised form 18 October 1971. a number of significant metabolic changes (1)(2)(3)(4). Mealeating rats consume less food and are usually smaller than nibbling controls (2) although they may become heavier (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipogenesis in Human Adipose Tissue: Some Effects of Nibbling and Gorging

Bray¹

1972

J. Clin. Invest.

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Effect of Nibbling Versus Gorging on Glucose Tolerance

Cited by 70 publications

References 14 publications

Metabolic correlates of eating behavior in severe obesity

Metabolic correlates of eating behavior in severe obesity

Effects of meal frequency and high-fibre rye-bread diet on glucose and lipid metabolism and ileal excretion of energy and sterols in ileostomy subjects

Lipogenesis in Human Adipose Tissue: Some Effects of Nibbling and Gorging

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