Effect of Nature of Flux and Flux Gap on the Depth-to-Width Ratio in Flux-Bounded TIG Welding of AA6061: Experiments and Numerical Simulations

Neethu, N.; Togita, Rahul Goud; Neelima, P.; Chakravarthy, P.; Murty, S. V. S. Narayana; Nair, Manoj T.

doi:10.1007/s12666-019-01654-8

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The presence of fluorine in arc welding reduces the anode spot and tends to increase the energy density of the heat source and electromagnetic force in the weld pool. As a result, relatively narrow and deep weld morphology is formed [ 20 , 21 ]. Nineteen weld lines were executed and three samples were cut for the tensile test from each of the nineteen combinations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of TIG and ATIG Welded 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel with Multi-Components Flux Optimization Using Mixing Design Method and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

et al. 2021

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In this study, the effects of pseudo-ternary oxides on mechanical properties and microstructure of 316L stainless steel tungsten inert gas (TIG) and activating tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welded joints were investigated. The novelty in this work is introducing a metaheuristic technique called the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method to develop a mathematical model of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in terms of proportions of oxides flux. A constrained optimization algorithm available in Matlab 2020 optimization toolbox is used to find the optimal percentages of the selected powders that provide the maximum UTS. The study indicates that the optimal composition of flux was: 32% Cr2O3, 43% ZrO2, 8% Si2O, and 17% CaF2. The UTS was 571 MPa for conventional TIG weld and rose to 600 MPa for the optimal ATIG flux. The obtained result of hardness for the optimal ATIG was 176 HV against 175 HV for conventional TIG weld. The energy absorbed in the weld zone during the impact test was 267 J/cm2 for the optimal ATIG weld and slightly higher than that of conventional TIG weld 256 J/cm2. Fracture surface examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows ductile fracture for ATIG weld with small and multiple dimples in comparison for TIG weld. Moreover, the depth of optimized flux is greater than that of TIG weld by two times. The ratio D/W was improved by 3.13 times. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis shows traces of the sulfur element in the TIG weld zone.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of TIG and ATIG Welded 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel with Multi-Components Flux Optimization Using Mixing Design Method and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

et al. 2021

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“…The presence of surface active elements in the flux affects the surface tension gradient ( γ/ T, where γ is the surface tension and T is the temperature) that determines the direction of flow of molten metal in the weld pool, i.e., Marangoni convection (Vidyarthy and Dwivedi 2016;Marangoni 1865). Without the flux, the surface tension gradient is negative which means that the molten metal flows from centre to the periphery of weld pool, creating an outward flow that leads to shallow and wide weld bead (Modenesi 2015;Chakravarthy et al 2019;Neethu and Chakravarthy 2020). The surface active elements change γ/ T from negative to positive, so that the molten metal flows from periphery to the centre of weld pool, leading to a narrow and deep weld pool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the data available, criteria for selecting the type of flux were determined using the properties of flux particles that contribute for enhanced depth of penetration in FBTIG weld specimens. Much of the earlier work had been on the FBTIG welding of aluminium (Neethu et al 2019;Santhana Babu et al 2014, titanium and magnesium alloys. However, it was found that little work was reported on FBTIG welding of Inconel 600.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of Flux and Weld Parameters During Flux Bounded Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (FBTIG) of Nickel Based Superalloy Inconel 600

Neelima

Agilan

Saravanan

et al. 2021

Trans Indian Natl. Acad. Eng.

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Superalloys are used in the strategic sectors of aerospace, defence and nuclear in view of their high specific strength at elevated temperatures, good weldability and excellent oxidation resistance. Inconel 600 is a nickel-chromium alloy with good oxidation resistance at higher temperatures and resistance in carburizing and chloride containing environments. Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is the most versatile fabrication process used due to its efficiency and high level of process control. However, the depth of penetration obtained in the weld joint is quite low making multi-pass welding inevitable for thicksection welding. To improve depth of penetration of TIG welded joints, flux bounded tungsten inert gas (FBTIG) welding was developed, that uses thin layer of activating flux on top of the surface of the workpiece, by maintaining gap along the weld line. The present work focuses on the effect of nature of flux and flux gap on the weld bead geometry and mechanical properties of FBTIG welded Inconel 600 alloy. Optimization of weld and flux parameters was carried out through bead-onplate welding and butt weld joints of Inconel 600 was fabricated using the optimized parameters. Radiographically qualified aerospace quality welds were fabricated and depth of penetration has increased three times for FBTIG welds coated with SiO 2 flux using flux gap of 2.5 mm. The room-temperature tensile strength of FBTIG weldments is comparable to that of TIG welds and it was concluded that single-pass FBTIG welding can replace multi-pass TIG welding, to join thicker sections of Inconel 600.

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“…The trial and error method required many experiments and was also time consuming. The other method is to optimized parameters using mathematical models [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Develop a sustainable welding procedure for chromium manganese austenitic stainless steel using the ATIG process

Patel

Jani

Singh³

et al. 2021

Eng. Res. Express

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Chromium manganese austenitic stainless steel is exhibiting an admirable amalgamation of higher strength and stress corrosion resistance. This economical steel is developed to fulfill the requirement of a variety of consumers for high temperature and structural applications. Hitherto, the limitation associate with the TIG welding process is a low depth of penetration which reduces productivity. Activated tungsten inert gas welding (ATIG) is the best suitable option to overcome this problem and satisfy the sustainable welding requirement. Welding procedure has been developed for chromium manganese austenitic stainless steel during ATIG welding using a box behken design (BBD) to improve penetration depth and productivity. The activated flux using SiO2 and TiO2 flux indicates improvement in penetration 5.3 mm and 5.1 mm as compared to TIG welding. The ATIG welded test coupon has strength and hardness of 495 MPa and 195 HV when using SiO2 flux, and 487 MPa and 190 HV when using TiO2 flux, compared to 435 MPa and 165 HV for the TIG welded test coupon. ATIG welds have higher strength and hardness because of their finer grain size when compared to TIG welded test coupons.

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Effect of Nature of Flux and Flux Gap on the Depth-to-Width Ratio in Flux-Bounded TIG Welding of AA6061: Experiments and Numerical Simulations

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of TIG and ATIG Welded 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel with Multi-Components Flux Optimization Using Mixing Design Method and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of TIG and ATIG Welded 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel with Multi-Components Flux Optimization Using Mixing Design Method and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

Optimisation of Flux and Weld Parameters During Flux Bounded Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (FBTIG) of Nickel Based Superalloy Inconel 600

Develop a sustainable welding procedure for chromium manganese austenitic stainless steel using the ATIG process

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