“…However, the findings of these studies are mostly contradictory and unsettled across various methodological frameworks and countries scrutinised. While some works concluded that trade openness brings about improvement in environmental quality through various channels (Aichele & Felbermayr, 2013;Zerbo, 2015;Kwakwa, Alhassan & Adu, 2018;Li, Xu & Yuan, 2015;Shahbaz, Tiwari & Nasir, 2013c;Wan, Nakada & Takarada, 2018;Dogan and Seker, 2016;Ling, Ahmed, Muhamad & Shahbaz, 2015;Hasson & Masih, 2017;Jabeen, 2015;Cherniwchan, 2017;Dogan and Turkekul, 2016;Destek, Balli & Manga, 2016;Zerbo, 2017;Roy, 2017), a few studies contended that trade openness results in worsening environmental condition (Twerefou, Appiah-Konadu & Anaman, 2015;Jamel & Maktouf, 2017;Raza & Shah, 2018;Le, Chang & Park, 2016;Balin, Akan & Altayligil, 2017;Lin, 2017;Solarin, Al-Mulali, Musah, & Ozturk, 2017;Shahbaz, Nasreen, Ahmed & Hammoudeh, 2017;Fernández-Amador, Francois, Oberdabernig & Tomberger, 2017;Kebede, 2017). On the contrary, another group of works found robust evidence that trade openness has no impact on the environment (Gale and Mendez, 1998;Oh and Bhuyan, 2018).…”