Effect of Nasal Inhalation on Drug Particle Deposition and Size Distribution in the Upper Airway: With Soft Mist Inhalers

Sadeghi, Taha; Fatehi, Pedram; Pakzad, Leila

doi:10.1007/s10439-023-03423-7

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 54 publications

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“…As shown in Figure e-g, the particle size range of PET particles showed a clear decline from 100–800 nm to 2.5–120 nm. It is generally believed that the smaller the particle size, the easier it is for particulate matter to go deep into the human body and subsequently cause systemic damage. − This enzyme-induced degradation process is likewise directly tied to their sizes; in general, the smaller the size, the easier it is to degrade (Figures and S1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Efficiency Degradation of PET Plastics by Glutathione S-Transferase under Mild Conditions

Huang,

Li,

Shu

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Plastic pollution is a significant environmental concern globally. Plastics are normally considered chemically inert and resistant to biodegradation. Although many papers have reported enzyme-induced biodegradation of plastics, these studies are primarily limited to enzymes of microbial origin or engineered enzymes. This study reveals that poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET, ∼6000 Da and 100 kDa) particles and plastic bottle debris (PBD, 24.9 kDa) can be efficiently degraded by a mammal-origin natural phase II metabolic isozyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST), under mild conditions. The degradation efficiency of PET plastics reached 98.9%, with a degradation rate of 2.6 g•L −1 •h −1 under ambient or physiological conditions at 1 atm. PET plastics can be degraded by GST with varying environmental or biological factors (i.e., temperature, light irradiation, pH, and presence of humic acid or protein). We suggest a novel mechanism for PET degradation other than hydrolysis, i.e., the mechanism of cleavage and release of PET plastic monomers via nitridation and oxidation. This finding also reveals a novel function of GST, previously thought to only degrade small molecules (<1000 Da). This method has been successfully applied in real human serum samples. Additionally, we have tested and confirmed the ability to degrade PET of a mammal-origin natural digestive enzyme (trypsin) and a human-derived natural metabolic enzyme (CYP450). Overall, our findings provide a potential new route to plastic pollution control and contribute to our understanding of the metabolism and fate of plastics in organisms.

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