Effect of nanocurcumin and fish oil as natural anti-inflammatory compounds vs. glucocorticoids in a lipopolysaccharide inflammation model on Holstein calves’ health status

Abstract

Curcumin (CUR) and fish oil (FO) are among the most well-known types of natural anti-inflammatory compounds. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of nanocurcumin and fish oil vs. glucocorticoids on Holstein calves' health status. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (0.5 μg kg À1 BW) was used to induce an acute phase response.A total of 42 male Holstein calves were randomized into 7 groups: negative control (CON), positive control (LPS, injected once), 250 mg/kg BW per day fish oil þ LPS (FO250), 350 mg/kg BW per day fish oil þ LPS (FO350), 2 mg/kg BW per day nanocurcumin þ LPS (NCUR2), 4 mg/kg BW per day nanocurcumin þ LPS (NCUR4), and 0.3 mg/kg BW dexamethasone (injected once) þ LPS (DEX). The duration of this experiment was 11 days, with application of the LPS challenge on day 8. Calves were weighed on days 0, 7, 9, 10, and 11 to record the average daily weight gain; diets offered and refused were recorded daily throughout the experiment. Blood collection and clinical scoring were conducted at successive time points until 72 h post LPS challenge. The data obtained also comprised rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), concentrations of tumor necrosis factorα (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), serum amyloid A (SAA), and haptoglobin (Hp). This experiment could not uncover significant effects of LPS, FO, NCUR, and DEX on the area under the curve (AUC) of the RT, HR, and RR; in addition, there was no difference between FO and NCUR vs. LPS in sickness behavior, however, DEX group significantly recovered faster than others (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between groups in dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) during three days post LPS challenge. The concentrations of TNF-⍺, IL-6, and SAA were lower in the DEX group (P < 0.05). Finally, no effects of FO and NCUR on cytokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) could be observed in this study. In conclusion, supplementation of FO and NCUR was not able to impact the acute phase response (APR) in calves, as levels of inflammatory cytokines and APPs as well as sickness behavior remained unchanged. It seems that the anti-inflammatory effects of FO and CUR on APR, as has been observed for other animal species, do not manifest that clearly in calves.

Metabolic Fingerprinting of Feces from Calves, Subjected to Gram-Negative Bacterial Endotoxin

“…There was no significant effect of fish oil and curcumin on the level of ID17, while this metabolite was significantly decreased upon dexamethasone treatment (96%) (Figure 5b). This result confirms our earlier findings [24] that there was no effect of fish oil and curcumin on appetite, sickness behavior, and inflammation response following LPS challenge in calves. In contrast, dexamethasone improved sickness behavior and inflammation response in LPS challenged calves [24].…”

“…The clinical results of the APR experiment have been reported previously [24]. In brief, repeated measures ANOVA revealed that rectal body temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and cytokines were significantly altered (p-value < 0.05) within each group, before and after LPS challenge.…”

“…Sierra et al (2008) hypothesized that the downregulation of steroid hormone receptors, induced by LPS, would let microglia get into a full inflammatory state, which inhibit the cell to retain the authorization of endogenous anti-inflammatory modulators (e.g., steroid hormones) [39]. It is confirmed that LPS significantly increased the level of IL-6 and TNFα in calves [5,19,24]. Im et al (2012) showed that these cytokines significantly enhanced steroid sulfatase expression (mediating the conversion of estrone sulfate to estrone), which can stimulate growth in endocrinedependent tumors in human prostate cancer cells [40].…”

“…In the current study, all metabolite markers assigned to the fatty amides subclass increased upon LPS challenge, with ID17 showing the most pronounced shift (p-value of 0.013 and fold-change of 15.15) (Figure 5b). The most well-known physiological effect of fatty amides is their sleep-inducing properties [24,36], which might correlate with depression behavior in response to LPS challenge. Additionally, recent literature has shown that fatty amides, through interactions with unique receptors (extracellular and intracellular), can induce various effects such as appetite suppression, modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, vasodilation, cardiac function and inflammation [19,24,37].…”

“…The most well-known physiological effect of fatty amides is their sleep-inducing properties [24,36], which might correlate with depression behavior in response to LPS challenge. Additionally, recent literature has shown that fatty amides, through interactions with unique receptors (extracellular and intracellular), can induce various effects such as appetite suppression, modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, vasodilation, cardiac function and inflammation [19,24,37]. Finally, it has been reported by Maccarrone et al (2001) that LPS increases the level of endogenous fatty amides such as the cannabinoid anandamide in rat and human lymphocytes.…”