Effect of nano-hydroxyapatite reinforcement in mechanically alloyed NiTi composites for biomedical implant

Influence of Milling Time on Structural and Microstructural Parameters of Ni50Ti50 Prepared by Mechanical Alloying Using Rietveld Analysis

“…Meanwhile, physical techniques for producing NiTi intermetallic compound using elemental Ni and Ti powders [12] have been reported such as conventional powder metallurgy [13], self-propagating high temperature synthesis [14], explosive shock-wave compression [15], and mechanical alloying (MA) [16].…”

Research Progress Regarding Interfacial Characteristics and the Strengthening Mechanisms of Titanium Alloy/Hydroxyapatite Composites

“…For example, Akmal et al found that nHA/NiTi composite is transformed into lamellar substance from spherical and lamelliform material after ball milling. This was because cold processing in the process of milling can cause grain refinement and cold welding [51]. Arifin et al revealed that as the temperature rises, atomic diffusion rate is improved in HA/Ti-6Al-4V composite, promoting the combination of the composites [28].…”

“…It is well known that nano-sized particles have good sintering rate due to their short migration distance and high driving force. In addition, nanoparticles caused uniform distribution of reinforcing phases, resulting in high density and uniform structure [51]. Therefore, mechanical ball milling was frequently used to obtain smaller grains of composites to obtain higher hardness and density before the subsequent sintering process [21,29,69,70], because agglomerated particles were gradually refined due to continuous cold welding and fracture process in the high-energy ball milling.…”

“…This was because HA has higher hardness value and biological activity, but higher porosity in the reactions led to a decrease in sintering capacity [24]. Akmal et al revealed that the addition of HA to NiTi matrix increases dislocation density of composites, providing more sites of nucleation and precipitation [51]. Moreover, Gibbs’ free energy was reduced, and new phases were formed as stable precipitates.…”

Microstructure Characterization of Nanocrystalline Ni50Ti50 Alloy Prepared Via Mechanical Alloying Method Using the Rietveld Refinement Method Applied to the X-Ray Diffraction

“…In the last years, nanostructured materials are experiencing a growing interest because of their fascinating and unique physical properties often superior compared to the bulk materials of similar composition and due to the reduction of the grain size [1] and the large amount of interfaces. These materials present specific physical [2], mechanical [3], electrical [4], and magnetic properties [5]. Hence, new fields of technological application [1] are offered.…”