Effect of N Fertilizer on Yield, Crude Protein Content, and in vitro Dry‐Matter Disappearance in Phalaris arundinacea L.1

Niehaus, M. H.

doi:10.2134/agronj1971.00021962006300050041x

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Wetland community invasibility may be particularly impacted by N pollution, as wetlands receive a large portion of N additions to the landscape via surface runoff and groundwater (Brinson & Malvarez 2002; Neely & Baker 1989). Phalaris is highly responsive to N enrichment (Mason & Miltimore 1970; Niehaus 1971; Green & Galatowitsch 2002) and may, like other nitrophilic species (Chapin 1980), lack traits that confer a competitive advantage under N‐poor conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Competitive control of invasive vegetation: a native wetland sedge suppresses Phalaris arundinacea in carbon‐enriched soil

Perry

Galatowitsch

Rosen

2004

Journal of Applied Ecology

128

118

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Summary 1.Invasive plants pose a major threat to native plant communities around the globe. Current methods of controlling invasive vegetation focus on eradication of existing populations, and are often effective only in the short term. Manipulating resource availability to give native species a competitive advantage over invasive species could reduce ecosystem vulnerability to invasion and might more effectively control invasive vegetation. We evaluated this approach for controlling invasions of sedge meadow communities by Phalaris arundinacea , a widespread invasive grass in North American wetlands. 2. To test whether lowering nitrogen (N) availability would allow a wetland sedge, Carex hystericina , to suppress Phalaris competitively, we examined Carex and Phalaris competition under a range of inorganic N concentrations (25-400 mg kg − 1 ) in a glasshouse. We lowered N availability in wetland soil using carbon enrichment and repeated harvests of a cover crop, and then created a N gradient by applying NH 4 -N to the N-depleted soil. 3. In soil without carbon added, competition with Phalaris reduced Carex biomass by 91%, while competition with Carex did not influence Phalaris , as is commonly observed in sedge meadows. Phalaris biomass was five times Carex biomass in mixed stands. Conversely, in soil depleted of available N via carbon enrichment, competition with Carex reduced Phalaris biomass by 82%, while competition with Phalaris reduced Carex biomass by only 32%, indicating that Carex is the superior competitor for N. Carex biomass was six times Phalaris biomass in mixed stands in the carbon-enriched soil. 4. Carbon enrichment lowered soil inorganic N by 10-30 mg kg − 1 . NH 4 -N addition mitigated the negative effects of carbon on Phalaris growth and competitive ability, indicating that carbon enrichment altered competitive outcomes by lowering N availability. Greater Carex N uptake efficiency under N-poor conditions appeared to account for the Carex competitive ability for N. 5. Synthesis and applications . Carex dominance in carbon-enriched soil strongly suggests that lowering soil inorganic N to < 30 mg kg − 1 in restored wetlands would allow establishing sedge meadow communities to suppress Phalaris invasions. Low-N soils might be achieved via carbon enrichment, vegetation harvests and reduced N inputs. Reducing community vulnerability to invasion by manipulating resource availability appears to be a promising approach to invasive species management.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Competitive control of invasive vegetation: a native wetland sedge suppresses Phalaris arundinacea in carbon‐enriched soil

Perry

Galatowitsch

Rosen

2004

Journal of Applied Ecology

128

118

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“…In restored wetlands, P. arundinacea was shown to preclude the establishment of a common meadow graminoid, Carex lacustris (Budelsky & Galatowitsch 2000). Phalaris arundinacea has shown dramatic increases in biomass in response to nitrogen fertilizer inputs (Mason & Miltimore 1970; Niehaus 1971; Dubois 1994; Figiel, Collins & Wein 1995). In a controlled greenhouse experiment, Green & Galatowitsch (2001) found, however, that P. arundinacea could suppress the native community regardless of nitrate level (0–40 mg l −1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Phalaris arundinacea and nitrate‐N addition on the establishment of wetland plant communities

Green

Galatowitsch

2002

Journal of Applied Ecology

170

112

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Summary1. Nutrient enrichment may adversely impact plant species richness in wetlands and enhance their susceptibility to colonization and dominance by invasive species. For North American prairie wetlands, enrichment by nitrate-N (NO 3 -N) from agricultural runoff is thought to contribute to the increasing colonization and dominance of Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass), especially during restoration. If true, P. arundinacea might compromise the re-establishment of sedge meadow vegetation on sites reflooded with agricultural drainage water. 2. We tested this hypothesis using a fertilization experiment in wetlands with controlled hydrology. A community mixture comprising 11 species from native sedge meadow was seeded in mesocosms and grown under one of three NO 3 -N levels (0 g m, 48 g m − 2 year − 1 ) with or without P. arundinacea. Above-and belowground biomass were measured after two growing seasons to assess the response of vegetation to NO 3 -N and P. arundinacea treatments. 3. The total shoot biomass of the native community was suppressed in the presence of P. arundinacea at all NO 3 -N levels, but shoot suppression was significantly greater at the highest NO 3 -N dose level (48 g m). Shoot growth of the native community was reduced by nearly one-half under these conditions. 4. The total root biomass of the community was also suppressed by P. arundinacea when no NO 3 -N was added. 5. As NO 3 -N increased, the relative abundance (shoot biomass) of native graminoids declined while native forbs increased in communities with and without Phalaris. The most common graminoid, Glyceria grandis , was suppressed by P. arundinacea at all levels, with suppression enhanced at the 48 g m − 2 NO 3 -N level. Three other species were suppressed at the highest NO 3 -N level, in the presence of Phalaris. The two most common forbs, Asclepias incarnata and Sium suave , exhibited a continual increase in growth with NO 3 -N additions along with overall suppression by P. arundinacea. 6. Community diversity and evenness declined with increasing NO 3 -N levels, whether or not P. arundinacea was present.7. Our results demonstrate that if P. arundinacea is present, the restored sedge meadow community will not achieve levels of abundance that are possible when this species is absent, regardless of NO 3 -N enrichment conditions. 8. At the same time, the increased suppression by P. arundinacea at the 48 g m − 2 NO 3 -N dose level supports the hypothesis that the dominance of this species over the native sedge meadow community is enhanced by NO 3 -N inputs at levels that are common in agricultural landscapes. 9. Our results carry two implications for achieving biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes. First, reducing nitrate loads to wetland reserves is essential for minimizing declines in community diversity. Secondly, the use of P. arundinacea for soil conservation and other agri-environmental purposes should be curtailed because of the likelihood of off-site impacts to wetland biodiversity.

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“…In contrast to N 2 –fixing alfalfa, established perennial forage grasses, such as reed canarygrass, show marked yield improvement with manure slurry applications (Schmitt et al, 1999). A concern with reed canarygrass, which has a high demand for N (Niehaus, 1971; Vetsch et al, 1999), is that sufficient N is provided to promote stand persistence and herbage growth.…”

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confidence: 99%

Alfalfa and Reed Canarygrass Response to Midsummer Manure Application

2005

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even though some research has shown no negative economic impacts (Daliparthy et al., 1995; Lloveras et al., Perennial forages like alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) or various pe-2004). Reasons for avoiding manure applications to alrennial grasses, which are cut several times during the growing season, falfa include increased weed incidence, stand damage could provide an alternative land base and time management strategy by equipment tires, lack of sufficient manure, and lower for manure applications. Our objectives were to evaluate the response of two forage species to increasing rates of swine manure slurry applied palatability of the forage. Most of these concerns can in midsummer and to compare commercially available alfalfa cultivars be alleviated by manure application before seeding alfor tolerance to swine manure applied during the growing season.falfa, but manure application during the growing season The first experiment, hereafter referred to as the rate experiment, offers farmers a window of opportunity to utilize manure included four entries, two N 2 -fixing (UMN 3097 and 'Agate') and when other farming activities either have been comone non-N 2 -fixing (Ineffective Agate) alfalfa and reed canarygrass pleted (e.g., seedbed preparation, planting, and pesti-(Phalaris arundinacea L.), grown at two locations in Minnesota. Liqcide application) or are yet to come (e.g., harvest and uid swine manure was applied at five rates (0, 23.4, 32.7, 42.1, and soil tillage in autumn). Manure applications to estab-93.6 kL ha Ϫ1 ) within 4 d after the second forage harvest in July 1998 lished alfalfa usually are made as soon as possible after and 1999. In the second experiment, hereafter referred to as the forage harvest to reduce damage to the crop or in winter cultivar study, six alfalfa cultivars, Magnagraze, 5312, Rushmore, Win-

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Effect of N Fertilizer on Yield, Crude Protein Content, and in vitro Dry‐Matter Disappearance in Phalaris arundinacea L.¹

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Competitive control of invasive vegetation: a native wetland sedge suppresses Phalaris arundinacea in carbon‐enriched soil

Competitive control of invasive vegetation: a native wetland sedge suppresses Phalaris arundinacea in carbon‐enriched soil

Effects of Phalaris arundinacea and nitrate‐N addition on the establishment of wetland plant communities

Alfalfa and Reed Canarygrass Response to Midsummer Manure Application

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