Effect of muscle dysmorphia on image-and-performance-enhancement drugs use intentions in a non-clinical sample: The role of social cognition

Skoufa, Lida; Barkoukis, Vasileios; Lazuras, Lambros; Tsorbatzoudis, Haralambos

doi:10.1016/j.peh.2021.100204

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Thus, the relationship between MD and AAS dependence is not well understood, and further investigation at the symptom level may provide critical insights. Previous studies among recreational exercisers indicate that MD symptoms including exercise dependence, drive for size/symmetry, and pharmacological use are associated with intentions to use APEDs, however the relationships among these symptoms and AAS dependence symptoms has not been investigated (Skoufa et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis

Scarth¹,

Westlye²,

Havnes³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) dependence has adverse psychological and health consequences, and may be driven in part by muscle dysmorphia. This study aims to identify possible targets for clinical care, and further understanding of symptom structures using network analyses of AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in male AAS users and weightlifting controls.Methods: Symptoms of AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia were assessed using clinical interviews and standardized questionnaires. The following symptom networks were computed 1) AAS dependence symptoms among users (n=120), 2) muscle dysmorphia symptoms in AAS users and weight-lifting controls (n=88) in two separate networks, which were compared using a network comparison test, and 3) AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in AAS users. Results: AAS users scored significantly higher on all muscle dysmorphia measures compared to controls. In the dependence network, continuing use despite physical and mental problems, interference with work/life, using more or for longer than planned, and tolerance were the most central symptoms, while time spent was the least central. The symptom structure of muscle dysmorphia differed in controls and AAS users, with physique concealment and exercise dependence as the most central symptoms in the two groups, respectively. The correlation stability coefficients indicated acceptable stability of all networks. Conclusion: Side effects and tolerance were the key constituents of AAS dependence, suggesting alleviating discomfort when ceasing use as a target for treatment. Additional studies are needed to assess the value of symptom network analysis for clinical decision-making, and the role of body image problems in AAS dependence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis

Scarth¹,

Westlye²,

Havnes³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Pharmacological use is common among individuals with MD, and includes the use of AAS, laxatives and diuretics. Previous studies among recreational exercisers indicate that MD symptoms including exercise dependence, drive for size/symmetry, and pharmacological use are associated with intentions to use APEDs, however the relationships among these symptoms and AAS dependence symptoms has not been investigated [ 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis among male weightlifters

et al. 2023

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Background Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) dependence has numerous adverse health consequences, and may be driven in part by body image concerns, primarily muscle dysmorphia. This study aims to further understand and identify potential clinical targets using network analyses of AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in males who used AAS and weightlifting controls. Methods A sample of 153 men who currently or previously used AAS and 88 weight-lifting controls were recruited through social media and relevant online forums, and via posters and flyers distributed in select gyms in Oslo, Norway. Symptoms of AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia were assessed using clinical interviews and standardized questionnaires. Severity of muscle dysmorphia symptoms were compared between the groups using independent samples t-tests. The following symptom networks were computed using Gaussian graphical modeling or mixed graphical modeling: (1) AAS dependence symptoms among men with AAS use (2) muscle dysmorphia symptoms among men with AAS use and weight-lifting controls in two separate networks, which were compared using a network comparison test, and (3) AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among men with AAS use. Results In a network of AAS dependence symptoms, continuing use despite physical and mental side effects, using longer than planned, tolerance, and work/life interference were the most central symptoms. When comparing symptom structures of muscle dysmorphia between those who used AAS and controls, the most central symptoms in each group were exercise dependence and size/symmetry concerns, respectively. Men with AAS use demonstrated elevated muscle dysmorphia symptoms compared to controls, indicating that both the severity and structure of symptoms differ between these groups. In a network including both AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia symptoms, no significant connections between symptom groups were identified. Conclusions AAS dependence is complex, with correlated somatic and psychological challenges driving the symptom network, indicating that alleviating physical and mental health concerns during both AAS use and cessation is an important clinical target. Muscle dysmorphia symptoms related to taking action (diet, exercise, and supplement use) appear to cluster together more for those who use AAS than those who do not.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis

Scarth

Havnes

Bjørnebekk

2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) dependence has numerous adverse health consequences, and may be driven in part by body image concerns, primarily muscle dysmorphia. This study aims to further understanding and identify potential clinical targets using network analyses of AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in males who used AAS and weightlifting controls. Methods A sample of 153 men who had used AAS and 88 weight-lifting controls were recruited through social media and relevant online forums, and via posters and flyers distributed in select gyms in Oslo, Norway. Symptoms of AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia were assessed using clinical interviews and standardized questionnaires. Severity of muscle dysmorphia symptoms were compared between the groups using independent samples t-tests. The following symptom networks were computed using Gaussian graphical modeling or mixed graphical modeling: 1) AAS dependence symptoms among men who has used AAS 2) muscle dysmorphia symptoms among men who had used AAS and weight-lifting controls in two separate networks, which were compared using a network comparison test, and 3) AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among men who had used AAS. Results In a network of AAS dependence symptoms, continuing use despite physical and mental problems, using longer than planned, tolerance, and work/life interference were the most central symptoms. When comparing symptom structures of muscle dysmorphia between those who used AAS and controls, the most central symptoms in each group were exercise dependence and size/symmetry concerns, respectively. Men who had used AAS demonstrated elevated muscle dysmorphia symptoms compared to controls, indicating that both the severity and structure of symptoms differ between these groups. In a network including both AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among men who had used, no significant connections between symptom groups were identified. Conclusions AAS dependence is complex, with correlated somatic and psychological challenges driving the symptom network, indicating that alleviating physical and mental health concerns during both AAS use and cessation is an important clinical target.

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Effect of muscle dysmorphia on image-and-performance-enhancement drugs use intentions in a non-clinical sample: The role of social cognition

Cited by 4 publications

References 50 publications

Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis

Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis

Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis among male weightlifters

Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis

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