“…Thus, low-frequency ultrasound can improve cell membrane permeability [8] , enhance material transfer and modify molecular structures [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] . Therefore, low-frequency ultrasound is mainly used for extraction and separation [13] , [14] , [15] , accelerating chemical reactions [16] , freezing [17] , thawing [18] , drying [19] , defoaming and degassing [19] , homogenization [20] , emulsification [21] , passivation of enzyme activity [21] and inactivation of microorganisms [22] . In the food industry, low-frequency ultrasound has been used effectively for aging and maturation [23] , pesticide residue elution [22] , food cleaning and sterilization [24] , osmotic dehydration [25] , auxiliary enzymatic catalysis [26] , auxiliary microbial fermentation ( Fig.…”