Effect of Moisture in Total Mixed Rations on Feed Consumption and Milk Production and Composition in Holstein Cows

Kellems, R. O.; Jones, R.; Andrus, D.; Wallentine, M. V.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78242-8

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…the TMR for adult cows has been inconclusive; some studies describe increases in DMI (Lahr et al, 1983) and others report negative effects (Kellems et al, 1991). Sorting activity was not affected by moisture content of the TMR (Table 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Previous work on adult † E-mail: marina.vonkeyserlingk@ubc.ca animal 1722 dairy cattle and older heifers has shown increased consumption (Lahr et al, 1983), reduced sorting (Leonardi and Armentano, 2003;Leonardi et al, 2005), less dust (ArzolaÁlvarez et al, 2010) and lower feed losses due to wind when the moisture content was increased by adding water, but other studies have reported either no effect (Fish and DeVries, 2012), or decreased feed intake (Kellems et al, 1991;Felton and DeVries, 2010) and increased sorting (Miller-Cushon and DeVries, 2009;Felton and DeVries, 2010) with greater dietary moisture. Furthermore, wetter rations are prone to spoilage especially at higher environmental temperatures (Felton and DeVries, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of particle size and moisture levels in mixed rations on the feeding behavior of dairy heifers

Khan

Bach

Castells

et al. 2014

Animal

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Two experiments on replacement heifers (175 ± 12 days of age) assessed the effects of forage particle length and moisture on feeding behavior. Both experiments used a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, with nine heifers per replication and three periods of 9 days each. Each group of nine heifers was housed in one pen with access to three electronic feed bins. In Experiment 1, hay chopped at different lengths was incorporated into three total mixed rations (TMR) all having the same ingredient and nutrient composition but differing in the percentage of long particles (>19 mm): 60% (Short), 64% (Medium) and 72% (Long). In Experiment 2, heifers were fed a TMR with the same ingredient and nutrient composition but differing in moisture content: 65% DM (Dry), 50% DM (Moderate), and 35% DM (Wet). In both experiments, feeding behavior during the last 5 days of each period was analyzed using a mixed model accounting for the fixed effects of treatment and period, and the random effects of replication and animal. In Experiment 1, dry matter intake (DMI) and eating rate (DMI/min) tended to increase, whereas daily eating time decreased as the feed particle size decreased. Heifers fed the Long diet selected in favor of long particles (>19 mm) and against Short (1.18 to 8 mm) and fine (<1.18 mm) particles; heifers fed the Short diet selected against long particles and in favor of short and fine particles. Heifers fed the Medium diet showed a preference for medium particles with no preference for the other particle sizes. In Experiment 2, heifers fed the Dry diet tended to consume more feed than those fed the Moderate and Wet diets, with no differences in feeding behavior or sorting activity. In conclusion the Medium diet minimized sorting without reducing eating rates and intake, and adding water to TMR to achieve a dry matter less than 65% tended to decrease DMI without reducing sorting.Keywords: feeding management, dietary preference, TMR, forage, Holstein ImplicationsThis study examined how forage particle length and the moisture content of the total mixed ration (TMR) affected feed consumption and feed sorting by dairy heifers. A TMR with medium particle size (where 65% of the particles >19 mm and 6% of particles <1.18 mm) minimized feed sorting. Adding water to the diet such that dry matter was lower than 65% (DM ≤ 35%) tended to decrease consumption but did not reduce sorting of the TMR. Results of this study will help improve feeding management of heifers raised on high forage diets. IntroductionPhysical attributes of feeds can affect feeding behavior of replacement heifers. Heifers are fed in a variety of ways in the months after weaning; for example, some farms feed concentrate and forage separately, other top-dress forage with concentrates and other feed a total mixed ration (TMR). Feeding methods are intended to meet production goals and minimize health disorders, competition and hunger (Bach and Ahedo, 2008). Feeding a TMR has some advantages over providing concentrate and forage separately. For example, TMR redu...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of particle size and moisture levels in mixed rations on the feeding behavior of dairy heifers

Khan

Bach

Castells

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…These small, but positive, effects of straw inclusion on total DM intake may be driven by a number of factors. For example, straw inclusion increased the DM content of the forage mixture offered, and this may have improved the intake characteristics of the ration ( Lahr et al ., 1983 ; Kellems et al ., 1990 ). It is also possible that straw inclusion stimulated chewing activity and saliva production, during both ingestion and rumination, with an associated increase in rumen pH, resulting in a more stable rumen environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of incorporating small quantities of straw in grass/grass silage‐based diets for dairy cows

Ferris¹,

Patterson²,

Гордон³

et al. 2000

Grass and Forage Science

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Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of incorporating small quantities of straw in the diets of dairy cows. In Experiment 1, forty Holstein Friesian dairy cows were used in a 2 × 4 factorial design experiment, with factors examined consisting of two parities (primiparous and multiparous animals) and four levels of straw inclusion in the diet (0, 0·08, 0·16 and 0·24 of forage dry matter). The basal forage offered in this study was grass silage, and the primiparous and multiparous animals were supplemented with 9·0 and 11·0 kg concentrate d–1 respectively. In Experiment 2, forty‐eight Holstein Friesian dairy cows were used in a 2 × 3 factorial design experiment, with factors examined consisting of two basal forage types (grass silage and zero‐grazed grass) and three levels of straw inclusion (0, 1·0 and 2·0 kg d–1). All animals were offered 7·0 kg d–1 of a concentrate supplement. Both experiments were partially balanced changeover designs, consisting of two, 4‐week periods. In Experiment 1, the total dry‐matter intake followed a significant quadratic relationship (P < 0·05), increasing with low levels of straw inclusion and decreasing at higher levels of inclusion. With increasing levels of straw inclusion, there was a linear decline in milk yield (P < 0·001) and milk protein concentration (P < 0·05), but milk fat concentration was unaffected (P > 0·05). In Experiment 2, the effect of straw inclusion on total dry‐matter intake was quadratic (P < 0·001), with intakes being maximum at the 1·0‐kg level of straw inclusion. Milk yield exhibited a linear decrease (P < 0·001) with increasing level of straw inclusion. Milk fat concentration was lowest at the 1·0 kg rate of straw inclusion (P < 0·05), but milk protein concentration was unaffected by straw inclusion. There were no significant interactions between basal forage type and level of straw inclusion for any of the variables examined (P > 0·05). Despite small increases in total dry‐matter intake at a low level of straw inclusion, there was no evidence that straw inclusion improved either nutrient utilization or animal performance. The reduction in milk yield observed with straw inclusion reflects, to a large extent, a reduction in metabolizable energy intake.

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“…; Kellems et al . ). Moreover, the advantages of feeding TMR to cattle have been widely accepted in the dairy industry in developed countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of fermented total mixed rations on the growth performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics of Hanwoo steers

Kim

Vijayakumar

Lim

et al. 2017

Animal Science Journal

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This study was conducted to assess the effects of fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) on the growth performance, carcass and meat quality traits of Hanwoo steers. The present study evidenced that the FTMR had a strong effect on dry matter intake, body weight, daily gain, slaughter weight and carcass characteristics compared with control animals. The results showed that the dry matter intake (7.17 ± 0.13 kg), average body weight (615.20 ± 112.82 kg), and daily gain (0.56 ± 0.16 kg) were greater in animals receiving FTMR than in control animals (P < 0.05). The meat quality characteristics indicated that cooking loss and the pH values did not vary between control and FTMR treated animals; however, animals in the treated groups (FTMR) had higher meat quality grades, carcass weight (396.13 ± 18.35), fat thickness (13.25 ± 1.75), marbling score (5.63 ± 0.56), meat color (40.06 ± 1.23), crude fat (18.39 ± 1.32) and sensory characteristics (flavor 5.03 ± 0.17; tenderness 4.42 ± 0.33; juiciness 5.10 ± 0.16). Nevertheless, the shear force values decreased significantly in FTMR-treated animals compared with control group steers. Overall, FTMR may not only improve the growth performance, biochemical metabolites, and fatty and acetic acid profiles of steers, but may also enhance the carcass and meat quality characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Regarding economics, our research findings suggest that FTMR-based feeds may enhance Hanwoo steer meat quality at a low cost.

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Effect of Moisture in Total Mixed Rations on Feed Consumption and Milk Production and Composition in Holstein Cows

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

Effects of particle size and moisture levels in mixed rations on the feeding behavior of dairy heifers

Effects of particle size and moisture levels in mixed rations on the feeding behavior of dairy heifers

The effects of incorporating small quantities of straw in grass/grass silage‐based diets for dairy cows

Effect of fermented total mixed rations on the growth performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics of Hanwoo steers

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