Effect of Modified Clay on the Growth Dynamics and Physio—Biochemical Response of Newly Hatched Larvae of the Marine Medaka (Oryzias melastigma)

Abstract

An outbreak of harmful algal blooms (HABs) often leads to the death of fish and other marine organisms and causes serious losses to human economic activities. Modified clay (MC) technology is an effective way to control HABs. Although the material and preparation process are based on the premise of green and safety, the potential eco-environmental impacts of MC on non-target organisms should still have to receive attention before field applications can occur. Therefore, the effects of one commonly used modified clay, polyaluminum chloride-modified clay (PAC-MC), on the survival, growth, and oxidative stress of the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) were studied. The toxicity test results showed that the 96-h median lethal concentration (96-h LC50) of PAC-MC for newly hatched medaka larvae was 5.204 g/L, which was much higher than the concentration used on site (4–10 t/km2). Within the concentration range of PAC-MC used in this experiment (≤2 g/L), the morphology, heart rate, growth, and aluminum content of larvae did not change with the increase in the modified clay concentration. Low concentrations of PAC-MC (≤0.5 g/L) did not significantly affect catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), but higher concentrations of PAC-MC (such as 2 g/L) caused oxidative damage to the larvae and increased the antioxidant enzyme activity of the larvae. The present study revealed that under an effective dosage for treating harmful algal blooms on site, PAC-MC had no adverse effects on the survival, growth, oxidative stress, and aluminum content of the newly hatched marine medaka, which provides a scientific basis for the field application of modified clay.

Effects of pH and salinity on survival, growth, and enzyme activities in juveniles of the sunray surf clam (Mactra chinensis Philippi)

“…The SOD–CAT system is known as a first line of defense against oxidative stress [25] . The present study also showed that pH affects the activity of two key enzymes (CAT and SOD) in M. chinensis juveniles.…”

Assessing the Effect of Modified Clay on the Toxicity of Karenia mikimotoi Using Marine Medaka (Oryzias melastigma) as a Model Organism

“…Predecessors have performed much research on the safety of MC. The appropriate concentration of MC had no significant effect on the survival and growth of Crassostrea gigas juveniles, Apostichopus japonicas Selenka juveniles, Patinopecten yessoensis juveniles, Mercenaria mercenaria , Haliotis discus hannai , Scophthalmus maximus embryos, O. melastigma newly hatched larvae, etc [ 7 , 28 , 33 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. The results of this study showed that 0.3 g/L MC did not have a significant impact on the survival of marine medaka.…”

“…The concentration of MC used in this experiment should meet the requirement of high removal rate of K. mikimotoi and no significant effect on the survival of marine medaka. 0.3 g/L of MC can remove 80% of K. mikimotoi cells in the water column, and it is lower than the safe concentration (1.94 g/L) of MC for newly hatched larvae of marine medaka [ 40 ]. Therefore, 0.3 g/L was chosen as the concentration of MC used in the experiment.…”