Effect of mixed in crystallization modifiers on the resistance of lime mortar against NaCl and Na2SO4 crystallization

Granneman, S.J.C.; Lubelli, B.A.; Hees, R.P.J. van

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.006

Cited by 29 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…In order to reflect the real situation in practice, two salts were chosen for the test procedure, namely sodium sulfate (anhydrous) Na 2 SO 4 and sodium chloride NaCl, and moreover, the concentration of both salts was lower than prescribed in the standard EN 12370 [ 39 ], which overestimates salt concentration in the crystallization experiment. According to the recommendations of Lubelli et al [ 40 ] and Granneman et al [ 41 ], the amount of each salt used was chosen to be 2% (weight salt/weight dry specimen). Oven dried specimens having dimensions of 40 mm × 40 mm × 40 mm were subjected to 10 crystallization cycles, each cycle consisted of samples immersion in salt solution for 2 h followed by drying in an oven at 70 °C for at least 16 h. After drying, specimens were removed from the oven and left to cool for 2 h. Each sample was placed in its own container, which was during the immersion and cooling phase covered with the cap to prevent evaporation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightweight Vapor-Permeable Plasters for Building Repair Detailed Experimental Analysis of the Functional Properties

et al. 2021

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Three types of lightweight plasters for building repair were prepared and tested. The composition of plasters was designed in respect to their compatibility with materials used in the past in historical masonry. For the hardened plasters, detailed testing of microstructural and macrostructural parameters was realized together with the broad experimental campaign focused on the assessment of mechanical, hygric, and thermal properties. As the researched plasters should find use in salt-laden masonry, specific attention was paid to the testing of their durability against salt crystallization. The mechanical resistance, porosity, water vapor transmission properties, and water transport parameters of all the researched plasters safely met criteria of WTA directive 2-9-04/D and standard EN 998-1 imposed on repair mortars. Moreover, the tested materials were ranked as lightweight plasters and due to their low thermal conductivity they can be used for the improvement of thermal performance of repaired masonry. The salt crystallization test caused little or no damage of the plasters, which was due to their high porosity that provided free space for salt crystallization. The developed plasters can be recommended for application in repair of damp and salt masonry and due to their compatible composition also in historical, culture heritage buildings. The added value of plasters is also their good thermal insulation performance.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightweight Vapor-Permeable Plasters for Building Repair Detailed Experimental Analysis of the Functional Properties

et al. 2021

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“…As the EN 12370 [57] defines testing of salt crystallization resistance of natural stone, it overestimates salt concentration in the salt crystallization resistance test. With respect to the recommendations reported in [58,59], the concentration of each salt used was chosen to be 2% (weight salt/weight dry specimen). Oven-dried 90-day specimens having dimensions of 40 mm × 40 mm × 40 mm were subjected to 10 crystallization cycles; each cycle consisted of immersion of the samples in salt solution for 2 h followed by drying in an oven at 70 • C for at least 16 h. After drying, specimens were removed from the oven and left to cool for 2 h. Each sample was placed in its own container, which was covered with the cap to prevent evaporation during the immersion and cooling phase.…”

Section: Salt Crystallization Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Zeolite Lightweight Repair Renders: Effect of Binder Type on Properties and Salt Crystallization Resistance

et al. 2021

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Rendering mortars with lightweight zeolite aggregates were designed and tested. The effect of the type of binder used was also researched. For the hardened mortars, macrostructural parameters, mechanical characteristics, hygric and thermal properties were assessed. Specific attention was paid to the analysis of the salt crystallization resistance of the developed rendering mortars. Quartz sand was fully replaced in the composition of mortars with zeolite gave materials with low density, high porosity, sufficient mechanical strength, high water vapor permeability and high water absorption coefficient, which are technical parameters required for repair rendering mortars as prescribed in the WTA directive 2-9-04/D and EN 998-1. Moreover, the zeolite enhanced mortars exhibit good thermal insulation performance and high sorption capacity. The examined rendering mortars were found to be well durable against salt crystallization, which supports their applicability in salt-laden masonry. Based on the compatibility of the repair materials with those originally used, the lime and natural hydraulic lime zeolite mortars can be used as rendering mortars for the repair of historical and heritage buildings. The cement-lime zeolite render is applicable for repair purposes only in the case of the renewal of masonry in which Portland cement-based materials were originally used.

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“…Thus, addition of FeCN before NaCl ingress can be a solution to prevent salt damage. This has been first tested in hydrated lime-based mortars by adding FeCN directly during the mixing of the mortar [11,12]. This application of inhibitor offers an advantage that the FeCN ions are already distributed in the mortar and can react to salt ingress at an early stage, preventing or effectively reducing salt crystallisation damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This application of inhibitor offers an advantage that the FeCN ions are already distributed in the mortar and can react to salt ingress at an early stage, preventing or effectively reducing salt crystallisation damage. Granneman et al report that the mortar with the FeCN inhibitor showed an increased resistance with respect to the reference mortar, after an accelerated crystallisation test, while not showing any change in other relevant physical and mechanical properties [12,13]. On the other hand, Natural hydraulic lime-based mortars can offer a good compromise, having both sufficient durability and compatibility with the historic, valuable materials [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on Properties of Hydraulic Mortars with Mixed in Crystallisation Inhibitors

2023

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Sodium chloride (NaCl) is one of the most commonly occurring weathering agents, responsible for a progressive damage in mortar. Current solutions to mitigate salt damage in mortar, such as the use of mixed-in water repellent additives, have often exhibited low compatibility with the existing building fabric. In the last years, research has shown promising results in mitigating salt decay by making use of crystallisation inhibitors. Sodium ferrocyanide is one of the inhibitors that has proven to be particularly effective to reduce damage due to sodium chloride crystallisation.In this research the possibility of developing hydraulic mortars with mixed-in inhibitor (sodium ferrocyanide) for an improved resistance to sodium chloride crystallisation damage is investigated. As a first step, the interaction between the inhibitor and the hydraulic binder: natural hydraulic lime (NHL), was studied; the results are presented in this paper. Various concentrations of sodium ferrocyanide were tested (0%, 0.1% and 1% by binder weight). The effect of the inhibitor on several physical (hydration, water absorption, pore size distribution) and mechanical (compressive and flexural strength) properties was experimentally assessed, using several complementary methods and techniques. The results show that the addition of the sodium ferrocyanide does not affect the fresh and hardened properties of mortar. These results are promising and open new possibilities for the application of inhibitors to improve the durability of hydraulic mortars.

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Effect of mixed in crystallization modifiers on the resistance of lime mortar against NaCl and Na2SO4 crystallization

Cited by 29 publications

References 30 publications

Lightweight Vapor-Permeable Plasters for Building Repair Detailed Experimental Analysis of the Functional Properties

Lightweight Vapor-Permeable Plasters for Building Repair Detailed Experimental Analysis of the Functional Properties

Zeolite Lightweight Repair Renders: Effect of Binder Type on Properties and Salt Crystallization Resistance

Experimental Study on Properties of Hydraulic Mortars with Mixed in Crystallisation Inhibitors

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