Effect of Milling on Physicochemical Properties of Usnic Acid Isolated from Usnea sp.

Zaini, Erizal; Nisak, Rahmita Khairun; Utami, Rany Dwi; Fitriani, Lili; Ismed, Friardi

doi:10.13005/ojc/330641

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…It is known that usnic acid is soluble in the both solvents, acetone and DMSO [30]; in acetone, the solubility of usnic acid is two times higher than in DMSO: 0.77 g/100 mL in acetone [31] and in DMSO it is 0.4 g/100 mL, warmed [32]. These data explain the approximately double content of usnic acid in UBE dissolved in acetone compared to that solubilized in DMSO.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Activity of the Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg Dry Extract

et al. 2020

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The secondary metabolites of lichens have proven to be promising sources of anticancer drugs; one of the most important of these is usnic acid, which is a phenolic compound with dibenzofuran structure that is responsible for the numerous biological actions of lichens of genus Usnea. As a result, in this study, we related to this phenolic secondary metabolite. The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg dry acetone extract (UBE). In advance, the usnic acid content was determined in various extracts of Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg: the liquid extracts were found in water, ethanol, acetone, and the dry acetone extract; the highest usnic acid quantity was found in the dry acetone extract. First, the cytotoxic action of UBE was assessed using Brine Shrimp Lethality (BSL) test; a significant lethal effect was obtained after 24 h of treatment at high used concentrations of UBE, and it was quantified by the high mortality rate of the Artemia salina (L.) larvae. Secondly, in vitro cytotoxicity of UBE was evaluated on human tongue squamous cells carcinoma, using CAL 27 (ATCC ® CRL-2095™) cell line. The most intense cytotoxic effect of UBE on CAL 27 cells was registered after 24 h; this response is directly proportional with the tested UBE concentrations. The obtained results have been reported regarding usnic acid content of UBE, and the data show that CAL 27 cells death was induced by apoptosis and high oxidative stress.Molecules 2020, 25, 1865 2 of 17 therapeutic tools for the total destruction of cancer cells with limited effects on normal cells [1]. It is known that carcinogenesis is a complex process, involving cellular and molecular alterations, mediated by endogenous and/or exogenous factors: oxidative DNA damage, chromosomal abnormalities, and oncogene activation are responsible for the development of cancer and may be induced by prolonged oxidative stress [2]. Thus, in cancer pathology, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) have dual role, confirmed by many studies: first, ROS are cytotoxic, having an important contribution in the etiology and progression of cancer [3]. At the same time, many antitumor agents can destroy the cancer cells through intense oxidative stress, generating ROS production in high quantities [4]. Increasing ROS levels through redox modulation could in the future be an effective strategy for the selective destruction of cancer cells (not normal cells) [5]; this method is called "oxidative therapy" [6], and it was developed by inducing cytotoxic oxidation as a stress factor in cancer cells in the treatment of cancer [7].One of the most invasive malignancies is the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is the most common cancer of oral cavity; it can affect any part of the oral cavity including lips, tongue, gums, buccal epithelium, and salivary glands [8]. Despite that, the oral cavity is easily accessible for the direct visual examination, and the mortality from oral cancer remains still high because in the early stages, the pat...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Activity of the Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg Dry Extract

et al. 2020

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“…was collected from Mt. Merapi (West Sumatera, Indonesia) and the isolation procedure of usnic acid from Usnea sp was explained in previous work 16 . HPMC 2910 (Shin-Etsu Chemical, Japan), chloroform (Merck, Germany), ethanol (Bratachem, Indonesia), and distilled water.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Dispersion of Usnic acid–HPMC 2910 Prepared by Spray drying and Freeze drying Techniques

et al. 2018

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Usnic acid is a dibenzofuran derivate produced by some lichens species primarily Usnea sp., that has several pharmacological activities. Based on Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), usnic acid belongs to class II that has high permeability but low solubility. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to increase the solubility of usnic acid by preparing solid dispersions (SD) using hydrophilic polymer HPMC 2910. Usnic acid and HPMC at ratio 1:1 (w/w) were prepared for solid dispersion using spray drying and freeze drying techniques. Physical mixture at the same ratio was prepared as comparison. Characterization for intact materials, physical mixture and solid dispersions were done using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infra-red (FT IR) spectroscopy, and solubility test. The result of PXRD showed a decrease of peak intensity for solid dispersions. Thermal properties of solid dispersions showed lower melting point compared to usnic acid and physical mixture. The morphology of solid dispersion depicted different shape compared to intact materials and physical mixture. The infra-red spectrum showed the slightly shift at wave numbers of functional groups but there was no new functional groups formed. The solubility of solid dispersions significantly increased, which the solubility test result were 55±0.023, 227±0.034, 567± 0.020, and 932±0.053 (μg/ml) for intact usnic acid, physical mixture, SD by spray drying and SD by freeze drying, respectively. In conclusion, solid dispersions of usnic acid – HPMC 2910 were able to modify physicochemical properties and increased the solubility.

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“…Solid dispersion of usnic acid PVP K-30 was prepared as described in previous work [15]. Usnic acid and PVP K-30 at ratio 1:2 (w/w) were dispersed in 100 mL distilled water and stirred until homogenous.…”

Section: Preparation Solid Dispersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This finite number of product is likely due to low solubility of usnic acid in water (0.01 g/100 mL) [8]. Some efforts have been done to increase the solubility of usnic acid, such as complex formation using cyclodextrin [13], microencapsulation using polymer PLGA [14], milling process [15] and preparation in solid dispersion using HPMC [16]. Our recent study has shown enhancement of usnic acid by preparing it in solid dispersion using poly-vinyl-pirolidon (PVP) K-30 and its potency as an anti-oxidant was in accordance with the solubility result [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogel Formulation of Usnic Acid and Antibacterial Activity Test Against Propionibacterium acne

et al. 2018

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Usnic acid is known for its remarkable antimicrobial activity. The aim of this research was to formulate hydrogel of usnic acid and evaluate the antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acne. Due to low solubility of usnic acid, solid dispersion was prepared using PVP K-30. In this study, intact usnic acid (UA) and usnic acid-solid dispersion (UA-SD) was formulated in hydrogel using several gelling agents: Aqupec HV-505, sodium alginate and HPMC K 100M. Concentration of each gelling agent was optimized for hydrogel base. All of hydrogel base showed homogenous gel, pH at range 5.37-6.33 and viscosity in range 259.07-10,759.00 cps. Hydrogel was prepared by dispersing 1% intact UA and 3% UA-SD in three different gelling agents. The hydrogel was evaluated for pH, viscosity, stability test for two months and microbiology test. The amount of usnic acid in hydrogel was determined by spectrophotometry UV-Vis. Hydrogel UA showed non-homogenous gel, while hydrogel usnic UA-SD was homogenous. The pH of all hydrogel was in range 5.5-6.4 and viscosity was 2,017.03-3,866.52 cps. All the hydrogel was stable and diameter inhibition of hydrogel was in a range 20-32 mm. The amount of usnic acid in hydrogel was in range 96.9-99.23%. In conclusion, hydrogel UA-SD is promising preparation in handling acne.

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Effect of Milling on Physicochemical Properties of Usnic Acid Isolated from Usnea sp.

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Activity of the Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg Dry Extract

Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Activity of the Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg Dry Extract

Solid Dispersion of Usnic acid–HPMC 2910 Prepared by Spray drying and Freeze drying Techniques

Hydrogel Formulation of Usnic Acid and Antibacterial Activity Test Against Propionibacterium acne

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