Effect of methylphenidate as a dopaminergic agent on myopia: Pilot study

Gürlevik, Uğur; Yaşar, Erdoğan

doi:10.1111/ijcp.14665

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The postulated mechanism (increased retinal dopamine release due to brighter light outdoors, with dopamine slowing the rate of axial elongation, 35 ) has been confirmed in studies of experimental myopia in animals 38–41 . There is some evidence that it also applies to humans 42 . The ability of increased time outdoors to slow the onset of myopia has been demonstrated in RCTs 18,43,44 and in system-wide implementation 45 .…”

Section: Increased Understanding Of the Risk Factors For Myopia—the K...mentioning

confidence: 91%

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China Turns to School Reform to Control the Myopia Epidemic: A Narrative Review

Morgan

Jan

2022

Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology

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Myopia is now a major public health issue in parts of East and Southeast Asia, including mainland China. In this region, around 80% of students completing 12 years of school education are now myopic, and from 10% to 20% have high myopia in excess of À6D. Interventions to prevent the onset of myopia based on increasing time outdoors have now been implemented at a system-wide scale in Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) and Singapore with some success, but the prevalence of myopia still remains high by international standards. In mainland China, until recently, myopia prevention was largely based on eye exercises, but these have not been sufficient to prevent an epidemic. Control of myopia progression with atropine eye drops has been widely practiced in Singapore and Taiwan, with recent practice concentrating on low-dose concentrations. Orthokeratology has also been widely used across the region. Recent research has produced both contact and spectacle lenses that slow myopia progression by imposing myopic defocus. The new approaches to myopia control are ready for systematic use, which may be facilitated by systemwide screening and referral. In recent years, renewed emphasis has been placed on the prevention of myopia in mainland China by China's President Xi Jinping. In addition to making use of all the measures outlined above, China now seems to be aiming for major reforms to schooling, reducing educational pressures, particularly in the early school years, freeing more time for outdoor play and learning. These new initiatives may be crucial to myopia prevention and control.

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Section: Increased Understanding Of the Risk Factors For Myopia—the K...mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…[38][39][40][41] There is some evidence that it also applies to humans. 42 The ability of increased time outdoors to slow the onset of myopia has been demonstrated in RCTs 18,43,44 and in system-wide implementation. 45 Whether it also affects myopia progression is currently controversial.…”

Section: Time Outdoorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

China Turns to School Reform to Control the Myopia Epidemic: A Narrative Review

Morgan

Jan

2022

Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…Most of the evidence on a role for dopamine comes from studies on experimental myopia in animals, including non‐human primates, but, as expected, dopaminergic pathways also seem to be involved in humans. Specifically, systemic administration of the dopamine reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate has recently been reported to inhibit myopia development over 12 months in a small, placebo‐controlled study following 19 children (aged 8–18 years old) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6 . If this dysregulation of the dopaminergic system is a universal requirement for excessive growth, restoring dopamine levels may form an effective clinical treatment for myopia in humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The safety and tolerability of levodopa eye drops for the treatment of ocular disorders: A randomized first‐in‐human study

Thomson

Karouta

Sabeti

et al. 2022

Clinical Translational Sci

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Myopia is the leading cause of low vision worldwide and can lead to significant pathological complications. Therefore, to improve patient outcomes, the field continues to develop novel interventions for this visual disorder. Accordingly, this first‐in‐human study reports on the safety profile of a novel dopamine‐based ophthalmic treatment for myopia, levodopa/carbidopa eye drops. This phase I, first‐in‐human, monocenter, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, paired‐eye, multidose, randomized clinical trial was undertaken in healthy adult males aged 18–30 years (mean age 24.9 ± 2.7) at the University of Canberra Eye Clinic, Australia. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a low (1.4 levodopa:0.34 carbidopa [μmoles/day], n = 14) or standard dose (2.7 levodopa:0.68 carbidopa [μmoles/day], n = 15) of levodopa/carbidopa eye drops in one eye and placebo in the fellow eye once daily for 4 weeks (28 days). Over this 4‐week trial, and after a 4‐month follow‐up visit, levodopa/carbidopa treatment had no significant effect on ocular tolerability and anterior surface integrity, visual function, ocular health, refraction/ocular biometry, and did not induce any non‐ocular adverse events. These results indicate that topical levodopa/carbidopa is safe and tolerable to the eye, paving the way for future studies on the efficacy of this novel ophthalmic formulation in the treatment of human myopia. The findings of this study have implications not only for the treatment of myopia, but in a number of other visual disorders (i.e., amblyopia, diabetic retinopathy, and age‐related macular degeneration) in which levodopa has been identified as a potential clinical intervention.

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“…It was shown, that intravitreal or topical application of levodopa, which is widely used in the treatment of neurological disorders involving dysregulation of the dopaminergic system, inhibits the development of experimental myopia in chickens (Thomson et al, 2019). In addition, it has been demonstrated that non-myopic children treated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with dopaminergic agents have slower developmental myopic refraction than untreated peers, providing a more direct suggestion that dopamine plays a role in human refractive development (Gurlevik et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shedding light on myopia by studying complete congenital stationary night blindness

Zeitz¹,

Roger²,

Michiels³

et al. 2022

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Purpose: Myopia is the most common eye disorder, caused by heterogeneous genetic and environmental factors. Rare inherited retinal disorders are often associated with high myopia. Genes implicated in myopia encode proteins involved in eye morphogenesis, extracellular matrix organization, visual perception, circadian rhythms, and retinal signalling. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in animal models mimicking myopia are helpful in suggesting candidate genes implicated in human myopia. Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) in humans and animal models represents an ON‐bipolar cell signal transmission defect and is also associated with high myopia. The purpose of this work was to identify the molecular cause of myopia present in cCSNB. Methods: A whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA‐seq) approach was performed using retina from three mouse lines with cCSNB, Gpr179−/−, Lrit3−/− and Grm6−/− and the expression data compared to data of age‐matched wild‐type littermates (n = 5). DEGs with fold changes of at least 1.2, p‐values of ≤0.01, an expression value of at least 5 transcripts per million reads and appearing in at least two cCSNB mouse lines were investigated in detail. A meta‐analysis was performed by (a) comparing our data with published transcriptome data from purified retinal cells and single cell RNA‐Seq data, (b) pathway analyses, (c) myopia databases and publications concerning their role in normal vision. Several of the DEGs were validated by RT‐qPCR experiments and analysed by western blot and immunolocalization studies. Results: More than 50 DEGs were found in at least two cCSNB mouse lines. Expression of those was found in different retinal cell types. The difference in expression was independent of the number of nuclei present in wild‐type and mutant inner retina. Pathway analysis revealed that mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways, synaptic signalling, G protein‐coupled receptor ligand binding pathways, and proteins implicated in eye, endoderm and connective tissue development were affected in cCSNB. More than half of the genes were already associated with myopia. Conclusions: Our study reveals DEGs in all retinal cell types of cCSNB models, previously associated with myopia and novel candidates. These studies combined with pathway analyses provide the basis for the development of pharmacological and optical myopia therapies.

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Effect of methylphenidate as a dopaminergic agent on myopia: Pilot study

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

China Turns to School Reform to Control the Myopia Epidemic: A Narrative Review

China Turns to School Reform to Control the Myopia Epidemic: A Narrative Review

The safety and tolerability of levodopa eye drops for the treatment of ocular disorders: A randomized first‐in‐human study

Shedding light on myopia by studying complete congenital stationary night blindness

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