Effect of methodology, dilution, and exposure time on the tuberculocidal activity of glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants

Cole, Eugene C.; Rutala, William A.; Nessen, L; Wannamaker, N S; Weber, David J.

doi:10.1128/aem.56.6.1813-1817.1990

Cited by 62 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Although it proved to be effective against M. smegmatis in the suspension test after 10 min of contact even in the presence of sputum, it failed to do so in the carrier test when sputum was added. A recent study also demonstrated that diluted (1:16) glutaraldehyde-phenate failed to inactivate M. bovis and a clinical strain of M. tuberculosis (3). These results are in agreement with those of Isenberg et al (9), who found that this formulation could reduce the titer of M. bovis in organic soil by only <1 log1o after 10 min of contact.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The mycobactericidal activities of glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants are critical, because such formulations are routinely used with instruments and heat-sensitive medical devices such as bronchoscopes. The dilution of such products either before or during use has been shown to render them ineffective against important pathogens, such as M. tuberculosis (1,3,18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacies of selected disinfectants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

et al. 1990

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The activities of 10 formulations as mycobactericidal agents in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-contaminated suspensions (suspension test) and stainless steel surfaces (carrier test) were investigated with sputum as the organic load. The quaternary ammonium compound, chlorhexidine gluconate, and an iodophor were ineffective in all tests. Ethanol (70%) was effective against M. tuberculosis only in suspension in the absence of sputum. Povidone-iodine was not as efficacious when the test organism was dried on a surface as it was in suspension, and its activity was further reduced in the presence of sputum. Sodium hypochlorite required a higher concentration of available chlorine to achieve an effective level of disinfection than did sodium dichloroisocyanurate. Phenol (5%) was effective under all test conditions, producing at least a 4-loglo reduction in CFU. The undiluted glutaraldehyde-phenate solution was effective against M. tuberculosis and a second test organism, Mycobacterium smegmatis, even in the presence of dried sputum, whereas the diluted solution (1:16) was only effective against M. smegmatis in the suspension test. A solution of 2% glutaraldehyde was effective against M. tuberculosis. This investigation presents tuberculocidal efficacy data generated by methods simulating actual practices of routine disinfection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacies of selected disinfectants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

et al. 1990

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“…For additional information on test methods of evaluating mycobactericidal activity, the interested reader is referred to Sonntag (1978), Schleiser (1979, Borneff (1981), Parkinson (1981), Lind et al (1986), Quinn (1987), Eigner (1988), Ayliffe (1989), Cole et al (1990), and Reybrouck (1992).…”

Section: Mycobactericidal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity of biocides against mycobacteria

Russell

1996

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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“…The activity of alkaline glutaraldehyde against microorganisms is well established (6, 29, 42). There is, however, growing concern over the possible negative influence of disinfectant dilution, pH changes, and protein accumulation in reuse baths on the germicidal activity of alkaline glutaraldehyde (6,13,18). Furthermore, there are no officially recognized test protocols for premarket evaluation of disinfectant products meant for reuse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our study used a more realistic carrier test and a mixture of microorganisms with various degrees of resistance to chemical disinfectants. A number of microorganisms have been used to assess the efficacy of alkaline glutaraldehyde (5,13,15,23). PV has been recommended as the prototype for determining the virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants (11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bactericidal, virucidal, and mycobactericidal activities of reused alkaline glutaraldehyde in an endoscopy unit

et al. 1993

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Baths with 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde are often reused for 14 days to decontaminate flexible fiberoptic endoscopes (FFEs) between patients, but the effect of such reuse on the disinfectant's activity has not been known. Many busy endoscopy units also disinfect FFEs with contact times shorter than those recommended by the disinfectant manufacturer. We therefore collected samples of the disinfectant over the 14-day reuse period from two manual and one automatic bath used for bronchoscopes and gastroscopes at a local hospital. Control samples were also collected from a manual bath of 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde which did not receive any endoscopes. The germicidal activities of the samples were assessed in a carrier test against a mixture of hepatitis A virus, poliovirus 1 (Sabin), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; the mixture also contained either Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium gordonae. Bovine serum (5%) was the organic load. The criterion of efficacy was a minimum of a 3-loglo-unit reduction in the infectivity titers of the organisms tested. The initial disinfectant concentration in all the baths was nearly 2.25%; it became about 1.8% in the control bath and fell to approximately 1% in the three test baths after 14 days. No protein was detected in the control bath, while its concentration rose gradually in the test baths to a maximum of 1,267 ,ug/ml after 14 days. With a contact time of 10 min at 20 2°C, all the samples from the control bath were effective against all the test organisms and all the samples from all the test baths were also effective against P. aeruginosa. With a contact time of 10 or 20 min at 20 2°C, the virucidal and mycobactericidal activities of the samples from the test baths became variable after the seventh day. However, all the samples from the test baths showed broad-spectrum germicidal activity when the contact time was increased to 45 min and the temperature was raised to 25°C. These findings emphasize the care needed in the disinfection of FFEs, especially in view of the increasing threat of AIDS and the resurgence of tuberculosis. * Corresponding author. load, aging, and the temperature at which alkaline glutaraldehyde is used are important for its germicidal activity (17). The number of instruments subjected to a chemical under reuse conditions also contributes to its loss of activity (22, 26, 45). In the present study, five different organisms were selected for use in monitoring the germicidal activity of alkaline glutaraldehyde during its reuse in an endoscopy unit. The disinfectant samples were also tested for their pHs, glutaraldehyde concentrations, and protein accumulation.

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Effect of methodology, dilution, and exposure time on the tuberculocidal activity of glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants

Cited by 62 publications

References 21 publications

Efficacies of selected disinfectants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Efficacies of selected disinfectants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Activity of biocides against mycobacteria

Bactericidal, virucidal, and mycobactericidal activities of reused alkaline glutaraldehyde in an endoscopy unit

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