Effect of metals poisoning on FCC products yields: studies in an FCC short contact time pilot plant unit

Lappas, Angelos A.; Nalbandian, L.; Iatridis, D. K.; Voutetakis, S.; Vasalos, I.A.

doi:10.1016/s0920-5861(00)00588-5

Cited by 39 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A higher yield of hydrogen, LPG and total C 4 s, a lower yield of dry gas, total C 3 s and LCO, and a lower LPG olefinicity and iC 4 = /iC 4 ratio are observed at the bench scale. In fact, the amount of hydrogen produced at the pilot scale may be up to four times lower than that at the bench scale indicating that dehydrogenation reactions occurs to a lesser extent in the former, similarly to what was found by others [17] on a CMD catalyst. The yield of gasoline and coke, on the contrary, was not clearly favored in a specific reactor type.…”

Section: Bench Scale Versus Pilot Scalesupporting

confidence: 83%

“…At the bench scale, the best agreement was observed for the yield of gasoline and bottoms selectivity with a bias within 6%, while for the yield of LPG and the LPG olefinicity the observed deviations maintained below 11%. The dissimilarities in the yield of dry gas, and mainly, the yield of hydrogen and coke, may be dramatic, in particular at the bench scale, which was also qualitatively observed by others [15][16][17]20] when using a similar deactivation procedure. The coke yield exhibit a relative deviation of up to 32% for CD-CAT1 and 10% for CD-CAT2 at the bench scale with corresponding values at the pilot scale of 26 and 9%.…”

Section: Cd-cats Versus E-catssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…In view that Stm excludes the role of metals and that MM overestimates the effect of metals, more advanced cyclic methods were developed. In the cyclic metallic deactivation (CMD), for instance, metals are deposited on the catalyst during the cracking of a previously doped with metals gas oil through a series of reaction-stripping-regeneration cycles [17][18][19][20]. Though CMD mimics relatively well metals distribution in the catalyst particle, it is not very reproducible and flexible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyclic Deactivation with Steam of Metallated Cracking Catalysts: Catalytic Testing at the Bench Scale and the Pilot Scale

et al. 2011

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Besides offering an adequate product distributions, a cracking catalyst must exhibit a reasonable resistance to the combined effect of high temperature, steam and metals. Two commercial catalysts, poisoned with Ni ? V (*2,500 ppm), are subjected to a large scale cyclic deactivation with steam, then characterized using mostly basic techniques and finally tested via bench scale and pilot scale cracking experiments. As examples of industrial deactivation, corresponding equilibrium catalysts (E-CATs) are investigated in parallel. Depending on their specific formulation, catalysts deactivate differently due to the exposition to high temperature steam and metals. The intrinsic deviations in the catalytic properties of cyclic deactivated catalysts (CD-CATs) related to E-CATs are further biases by the particular history of the latter and the particular reactor configuration and hydrodynamics, such deviations being magnified in the bench scale testing. Relative differences in activity and product yields (except for coke and hydrogen) of CD-CATs referred to E-CATs are below 10% at the pilot scale, and within 23% at the bench scale. Relative biases in hydrogen and coke yield of may be as high as 75 and 26% in the pilot plant and as much as 150 and 32% at the bench scale.

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Section: Bench Scale Versus Pilot Scalesupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Cd-cats Versus E-catssupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyclic Deactivation with Steam of Metallated Cracking Catalysts: Catalytic Testing at the Bench Scale and the Pilot Scale

et al. 2011

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“…As mentioned in other reports (Lappas et al, 2001;Escobar et al, 2008;Pinto et al, 2010), the mobility of metal in the catalyst is a very important behavior, and nickel ions are less mobile than vanadium ions and remain fixed in the same chemical environment. Vanadium ions, however, only migrated from the surface of the catalyst, resulting in a 29.37% removal of this metal.…”

Section: Analysis Of Metal Present In the Catalystmentioning

confidence: 79%

Acidic Removal of Metals From Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Catalyst Waste Assisted by Electrokinetic Treatment

Valt

Diógenes

Sanches

et al. 2015

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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-One of the main uses of catalysts in the oil industry is in the fluidized catalytic cracking process, which generates large quantities of waste material after use and regeneration cycles and that can be treated by the electrokinetic remediation technique, in which the contaminant metals are transported by migration. In this study, deactivated FCC catalyst was characterized before and after the electrokinetic remediation process to evaluate the amount of metal removed, and assess structural modifications, in order to indicate a possible use as an adsorbent material. The analyses included pH measurement and the concentration profile of vanadium ions along the reactor, X-ray microtomography, X-ray fluorescence, BET analysis and DTA analysis. The results indicated that 40% of the surface area of the material was recovered in relation to the disabled material, showing an increase in the available area for the adsorption. The remediation process removed nearly 31% of the vanadium and 72% of the P 2 O 5 adhering to the surface of the catalyst, without causing structural or thermal stability changes.

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“…For low metal FCC operations, steam deactivation without the addition of contaminant metals is employed. For high metal operations, contaminant metals (V, Ni) are deposited onto the catalyst particles using Mitchell impregnation/cyclic propylene steaming (CPS) [ 41 ] or cyclic metals deactivation ( CMDU) [ 42 ].…”

Section: Fcc Catalyst Deactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zeolites in Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC)

Komvokis

Tan²,

Clough³

et al. 2016

Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology

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Looking back at the history of industrial chemistry, it can undoubtedly be declared that the impact of the introduction of zeolites into refi nery operations has been revolutionary as it resulted in a signifi cant increase in gasoline yield from catalytic cracking, leading to more ef fi cient utilization of the petroleum feedstocks. Based on this successful entry into the industrial scene, zeolites quickly found many applications in petroleum processing in subsequent years; however, catalytic cracking still by far is the largest volume of zeolite catalyst consumer worldwide. Today, fl uid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts account for more than 95 % of the global zeolite catalyst consumption (primarily USY zeolite). Fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCUs) around the world currently process around 15 million barrels per day and constitute the main conversion process in a typical fuels refi nery. Primary output from FCC units is gasoline, and due to their pivotal role in fl uid catalytic cracking, it can be stated that zeolite catalysts have been fueling our industrialized society by providing majority of the transportation fuels used, thus having direct impact on the global economy. Furthermore, in order to enhance the light olefi n yields from FCCUs as a result of the increasing demand for building blocks for the chemical industry such as propylene and butylene, the FCC catalyst compositions are being modifi ed by tuning their formulations and introducing different types of zeolite structures as additives. Using these zeolite-based catalyst formulations, many new FCC units worldwide also provide the critical starting points for (petro)chemical value chains. Hence, for the global supply of both fuels and chemicals, zeolitebased FCC catalysts are of paramount strategic and commercial importance. History of Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC)Since the 1800s, thermal cracking had been in practice to break down crude oil into functional components. The fi rst commercial use can be traced back to the days of Samuel M. Kier, a salt well entrepreneur, who started refi ning crude into lamp oil that can burn with lesser smoke and odor [ 1 ]. By 1854, he and his partner, John T. Kirkpatrick, pioneered the fi rst oil refi nery in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Following their success, the market became saturated with refi ners and by the end of 1860s, 58 refi neries were in operation in Pittsburgh alone.In the early 1900s, engineering advancement in combustion engines gave rise to a demand for gasoline fuel. Several patents of thermal cracking techniques emerged with the fi rst commercial success in such a process by Dr. William M. Burton of Standard Oil Company of Indiana [ 2 ]. In the "Burton cracking process" (US Patent 1049667), gasoline production can be signifi cantly increased by heating crude oil in excess of 750 °F (ca. 400 °C) in a still under pressure of around 90 psig [ 3 ]. This was the primary method of gasoline production before catalytic cracking was introduced to the refi ning industry in the 1940s.Almer M. M...

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Effect of metals poisoning on FCC products yields: studies in an FCC short contact time pilot plant unit

Cited by 39 publications

References 9 publications

Cyclic Deactivation with Steam of Metallated Cracking Catalysts: Catalytic Testing at the Bench Scale and the Pilot Scale

Cyclic Deactivation with Steam of Metallated Cracking Catalysts: Catalytic Testing at the Bench Scale and the Pilot Scale

Acidic Removal of Metals From Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Catalyst Waste Assisted by Electrokinetic Treatment

Zeolites in Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC)

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