Effect of Menthol Cigarettes on Biochemical Markers of Smoke Exposure Among Black and White Smokers

Clark, Pamela I.; Gautam, Shiva; Gerson, Lowell W.

doi:10.1378/chest.110.5.1194

Cited by 149 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…We have previously reported that African-Americans metabolize nicotine and cotinine more slowly than whites . Wagenknecht et al, Clark et al, and our group, as well as others, have found that African-American smokers as a group have higher levels of cotinine/cigarettes per day compared with white smokers (Wagenknecht et al, 1990;Clark et al, 1996;Benowitz et al, 1999). We have shown that the higher cotinine levels per cigarette in AfricanAmericans is a consequence of both greater intake of nicotine per cigarette smoked and slower metabolism of cotinine (Perez-Stable et al, 1998).…”

supporting

confidence: 61%

“…Ahijevych et al have also reported higher cotinine levels per cigarette smoked per day in smokers of mentholated compared with nonmentholated cigarettes, suggesting greater nicotine absorption per cigarette (Ahijevych and Parsley, 1999). Clarke et al found, using a regression analysis that controlled for race, that mentholated cigarette smoking per se was associated with higher cotinine and carbon monoxide levels per cigarette (Clark et al, 1996). These reports are consistent with the idea that menthol increases inhalation and/or absorption of tobacco smoke toxins.…”

mentioning

confidence: 71%

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Mentholated Cigarette Smoking Inhibits Nicotine Metabolism

Benowitz¹,

Herrera²,

Jacob³

2004

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

217

161

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Smoking mentholated cigarettes has been suggested to convey a greater cancer risk compared with smoking nonmentholated cigarettes. Two of the possible mechanisms by which mentholated cigarette smoking could increase risk are by increasing systemic exposure to tobacco smoke toxins and by affecting the metabolism of nicotine or tobacco smoke carcinogens. To examine these possibilities, we performed a crossover study in 14 healthy smokers, one-half of whom were African-Americans and one-half whites. Subjects were randomly assigned to smoke mentholated or nonmentholated cigarettes for 1 week, then to cross over to the other type of cigarettes for another week. Subjects were confined to a Clinical Research Center for 3 days of each week, during which time blood levels of nicotine and carbon monoxide were measured throughout the day and an intravenous infusion of deuterium-labeled nicotine and cotinine was administered to determine the rate and pathways of nicotine metabolism. The systemic intake of nicotine and carbon monoxide was, on average, not affected by mentholation of cigarettes. Mentholated cigarette smoking did significantly inhibit the metabolism of nicotine (clearance: 1289 versus 1431 ml/min, two sided, p ϭ 0.02). Inhibition of nicotine metabolism occurred both by slower oxidative metabolism to cotinine and by slower glucuronide conjugation. Our data do not support the hypothesis that mentholated cigarette smoking results in a greater absorption of tobacco smoke toxins. Our finding of impaired metabolism of nicotine while mentholated cigarette smoking suggests that mentholated cigarette smoking enhances systemic nicotine exposure.

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supporting

confidence: 61%

mentioning

confidence: 71%

Mentholated Cigarette Smoking Inhibits Nicotine Metabolism

Benowitz¹,

Herrera²,

Jacob³

2004

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

217

161

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“…Also, on an average, the specific menthol brand and subbrands black smokers smoked had a higher FTC nicotine levels than the nonmenthol brands (the preferred type of cigarette smoked by whites) smoked by white smokers. At least 2 previous studies have found higher cotinine concentrations among smokers of mentholated cigarettes (20,21), whereas others did not (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). In a recent study a Model 1: cpd þ continuous nicotine þ sex þ continuous weight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparison of Serum Cotinine Concentration within and across Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Brands among Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White U.S. Adult Smokers, 2001–2006

Caraballo

Holiday

Stellman

et al. 2011

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is examining options for regulating menthol content in cigarettes. There are many pharmacologic properties of menthol that may facilitate exposure to tobacco smoke, and it has been suggested that the preference for menthol cigarettes in black smokers accounts for their higher cotinine levels.Objective: To assess cigarettes smoked per day-adjusted cotinine levels in relation to smoking a menthol or nonmenthol cigarette brand among non-Hispanic black and white U.S. adult smokers under natural smoking conditions.Method: Serum cotinine concentrations were measured in 1,943 smokers participating in the 2001 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). The effect of smoking a menthol brand on cigarettes smoked per day-adjusted serum cotinine levels in these two populations was modeled by adjusting for sex, age, number of smokers living in the home, body weight, time since last smoked, and FTC (Federal Trade Commission)-measured nicotine levels. The 8-or 12-digit Universal Product Code (UPC) on the cigarette label was used to determine the cigarette brand and whether it was menthol.Results: Smoking a menthol cigarette brand versus smoking a nonmenthol cigarette brand was not associated (P ! 0.05) with mean serum cotinine concentration in either black or white smokers.Conclusions: The higher levels of cotinine observed in black smokers compared with white smokers are not explained by their higher preference for menthol cigarette brands.Impact: Further studies like ours are needed to improve our ability to understand health consequences of future changes in tobacco product design. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1329-40. Ó2011 AACR.

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“…There was no prestudy smoking abstinence period nor was there any validation of the sensitivity of the cardiovascular functional assessment protocols in registering the relatively minor reported differences in the intake of the purported active smoke constituents. In 1996, CLARK et al (523) evaluated the effect of menthol on the biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure among black and white smokers. 161 male and female subjects participated in the laboratory study.…”

Section: Influence Of Mentholated Cigarettes On Smoking Topography Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, menthol in cigarette smoke had been described as a significant contributor to expired carbon monoxide levels after adjustment for the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the length of each cigarette smoked (521,522). CLARK et al (523) concluded that menthol in cigarette smoke was associated with higher serum cotinine levels and higher uptake of carbon monoxide. Consequently, the use of mentholated cigarettes might be associated with increased health risks of smoking.…”

Section: Influence Of Mentholated Cigarettes On Smoking Topography Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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Effect of Menthol Cigarettes on Biochemical Markers of Smoke Exposure Among Black and White Smokers

Cited by 149 publications

References 20 publications

Mentholated Cigarette Smoking Inhibits Nicotine Metabolism

Mentholated Cigarette Smoking Inhibits Nicotine Metabolism

Comparison of Serum Cotinine Concentration within and across Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Brands among Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White U.S. Adult Smokers, 2001–2006

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

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