Effect of melt processing conditions on the morphology and properties of nylon 6 nanocomposites

Chavarria, F.; Shah, Rhutesh K.; Hunter, Dan; Paul, Donald R

doi:10.1002/pen.20894

Cited by 61 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…This advantage could have a significant impact on alleviating concerns about the environmental impact of plastic packaging by reducing pack weight as well as the energy required to process and transport it. Despite the huge research interest in polymer-clay nanocomposites, studies on the processing of these materials have been largely confined to the effects of extrusion conditions (shear flow) on the melt processed polymer-clay structure and properties [2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of temperature and strain rate on the deformation behaviour, structure development and properties of biaxially stretched PET–clay nanocomposites

Shen

Harkin‐Jones

Hornsby

et al. 2011

Composites Science and Technology

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. The effect of temperature and strain rate on the deformation behaviour, structure development and properties of biaxially stretched PET-clay nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology, Elsevier, 2011, 71 (5), pp.758. <10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.01.024>. Accepted ManuscriptThe effect of temperature and strain rate on the deformation behaviour, structure development and properties of biaxially stretched PET-clay nanocomposites This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. UK AbstractThe inclusion of a synthetic fluoromica clay in PET affects its processability via biaxial stretching and stretching temperature (95 °C and 102 °C) and strain rate (1 s -1 and 2 s -1 )influence the structuring and properties of the stretched material. The inclusion of clay has little effect on the temperature operating window for the PET-clay but it has a major effect on deformation behavior which will necessitate the use of much higher forming forces during processing. The strain hardening behavior of both the filled and unfilled materials is well correlated with tensile strength and tensile modulus. Increasing the stretching temperature to reduce stretching forces has a detrimental effect on clay exfoliation, mechanical and O 2 barrier properties. Increasing strain rate has a lesser effect on the strain hardening behavior of the PET-clay compared with the pure PET and this is attributed to possible adiabatic heating in the PET-clay sample at the higher strain rate. The Halpin-Tsai model is shown to accurately predict the modulus enhancement of the PET-clay materials when a modified particle modulus rather than nominal clay modulus is used.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of temperature and strain rate on the deformation behaviour, structure development and properties of biaxially stretched PET–clay nanocomposites

Shen

Harkin‐Jones

Hornsby

et al. 2011

Composites Science and Technology

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“…PP/MMTs are produced using many technologies, and their applications include a range of manufacturing processes at a relatively low cost [1,2] . There is much evidence that supports melting processing as the preferred production method of PP/MMT for commercial use [3][4][5][6][7] . Additionally, the literature suggests that the exfoliation and the dispersion of nanoclays in polypropylene requires the exchange of the sodium cations that are present in the nanoclay layers with the organophilic cations (dimethyl, dihydrogenated tallow, and quaternary ammonium chloride), which alters the initial interlayer spacing and improves the interaction between the clay and the PP [8,9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have suggested that it is important to use processing equipment that is flexible in design with the capability to control the residence time with dispersive and distributive mixing. Both the feed location and the order of feeding are also important considerations when designing the compounding process [4,11] . The screw configuration, the screw speed, the residence time, the feeder type, and the temperature of the melt process all have a large effect on the dispersion of the clay in the polymer matrix [22] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some researchers have produced polar polymer/ OMMT nanocomposites with intercalated and exfoliated morphologies using a co-rotating twin or single screw extruder. They have found that optimising the shear intensity and the residence time in the extruder generally improved the delamination and the dispersion of the MMT in the polymer matrix [4,11,25,26] . However, when using incompatible organoclay and apolar polymers, the optimisation of the processing conditions is even more important for achieving smaller agglomerated structures and partial exfoliation as well as preserving the aspect ratio of the clay platelets in the matrix [27] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of screw configurations and feed mode on the dispersion of organoclay on PP

Santos¹,

Demori²,

Mauler³

et al. 2013

Polímeros

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Abstract:The design of the screw configuration as well as the screw speed, the residence time, the feeder type, and the temperature has a large effect on the dispersion of the clay into the matrix and, consequently, on the mechanical and thermal properties of the polymeric matrix. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of two different screw configurations (left-handed elements) and the feed type (hopper or side feeder) on the dispersion of 5 wt% Cloisite 20A into the PP matrix without the use of compatibilising agents. In profile 1 (lower shear), the 5 wt% C20A/PP (PPC20AP1) nanocomposite morphology presented elliptical agglomerated structures with compacted platelets, whereas in the profile 2, the 5 wt% C20A/PP (PPC20AP2) showed elongated forms with better separated platelets and a better clay distribution into the PP matrix. When the side feeder mode was used in profile 2, a mix of elliptical and elongated structures with some individual clay sheets was observed.The neat PP showed the same tensile modulus and impact strength in both screw configurations. The PPC20AP1 presented a tensile modulus and an impact strength that was lower than the PPC20AP2, because in profile 2 the pressure and residence time are higher due to the two left-handed elements. Thus, the dispersion and distribution of the clay throughout the matrix were improved, and the agglomerated structures were reduced. When the side feeder mode was used, there was a decrease in the PP/clay mechanical properties, but the values found were higher than those in profile 1.

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“…in situ polymerization, melt compounding and a masterbatch method, and did not find any significant difference in structure and properties of polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites. On the other hand, Paul and co-workers [19][20][21] carried out a detailed study on polyamide 6 (PA6) nanocomposites using a single and three twin-screw extruders for processing and found a profound effect of conditions on the structure of the composites. Twin-screw extruders, longer residence time and medium shear resulted in larger extent of exfoliation than other conditions including high shear.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of structure formation in PP/layered silicate nanocomposites

Hári¹,

Dominkovics²,

Fekete³

et al. 2009

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Polypropylene (PP)/organophilized montmorillonite (OMMT) and polypropylene/organophilized montmorillonite/maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) composites were prepared in an internal mixer under a wide range of processing conditions to study the kinetics of structure formation. Structure and properties were characterized by a variety of techniques. The gallery structure of the organophilic silicate changed in spite of the fact that no compatibilizer was added to PP/OMMT composites. Silicate reflection shifted towards smaller 2θ angles, broadened and its intensity decreased indicating intercalation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs even showed individual platelets at long mixing times. However, the extent and direction of changes in the gallery structure of the silicate did not justify those observed in properties. The analysis of the results and additional experiments proved that the degradation of the polymer also takes place during processing leading to the formation of carbonyl and/or carboxyl groups, as well as to the decrease of molecular weight. The modification of the chain structure of the polymer influences interfacial interactions and the intercalation process. Some properties are directly determined by molecular weight (rheological properties, elongation). Both the clay and the MAPP seem to accelerate degradation. Thermooxidative degradation must have disadvantageous effect during the application of PP nanocomposites and needs further study. : nanocomposites, layered silicate, polypropylene, gallery structure, thermal degradation eXPRESS Polymer Letters Vol.3, No.11 (2009) [692][693][694][695][696][697][698][699][700][701][702] Available online at www.expresspolymlett.com DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2009.87 complicated systems containing several components like the polymer, the silicate, the surfactant, and quite often also swelling and coupling agents or other additives to help exfoliation [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The competitive interactions acting among the various groups of the components are very difficult to estimate and control, which results in a wide range of structures often with inferior properties. Similarly to the uncertainties related to the role and effect of interactions on the structure and properties of nanocomposites, the effect of kinetics, i.e. processing conditions, on structure development is also quite unclear. Some groups claim that processing conditions, or even preparation conditions do not influence the structure of the composites [15,16], while others found a strong effect of processing [17,18]. For example Yilmazer and Ozden [16] compared the effect of three preparation conditions, i.e. in situ polymerization, melt compounding and a masterbatch method, and did not find any significant difference in structure and properties of polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites. On the other hand, Paul and co-workers [19][20][21] carried out a detailed study on polyamide 6 (PA6) nanocomposites using a single and three twin-screw extruders...

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Effect of melt processing conditions on the morphology and properties of nylon 6 nanocomposites

Cited by 61 publications

References 36 publications

The effect of temperature and strain rate on the deformation behaviour, structure development and properties of biaxially stretched PET–clay nanocomposites

The effect of temperature and strain rate on the deformation behaviour, structure development and properties of biaxially stretched PET–clay nanocomposites

The influence of screw configurations and feed mode on the dispersion of organoclay on PP

Kinetics of structure formation in PP/layered silicate nanocomposites

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